Ethnocentrism

Pearlie Byrd-Lain American InterContinental University SSCI210-1205A-02 Unit 2IP/ Ethnocentrism Abstract In this summary I will be discussing ethnocentrism and the beliefs of the value one puts on of their cultural beliefs. I will begin with the definition of ethnocentrism and that is the belief that the values, symbols, and customs of one’s own culture are superior to those of another culture (Editorial 2012). First let’s just start with what is culture are practices or beliefs that is passed down through generation to generation.Ethnocentrism is part of one’s culture. I have chosen the TV show Iron Chef America to show how ethnocentrism plays a part even in cooking. There is a competition with the professional chef Mario Batali and a first time contender by the name of Des Jardins. This competition is like all the rest but I wasn’t looking so much at the meals being prepared, I was watching the exchanges going on with the chefs the announcer and the judg es. They all have a different ethnical background and also are from a different culture.The competition began with the type of foods that will be prepared into different courses. The chefs look at the food and began. Mario Batali is Italian and his pride is on the line because he is competing with a first time contender. Mario is not worried about the cooking but about the win. Then there is the first time contender trying to make a name for herself as a professional chef although she has cooked for some of the most famous restaurants in California she still had to prove that she can best Mario Batali.Mario Batali specializes in Italian cooking and Des Jardins specializes in Frenc-california cooking. They were both raised in this cultural background from which they began their profession. Mario is a very proud Italian and it shows in the work in the kitchen. He shows Des respect and courtesy but he takes pride in the dishes being made. Des Jardin also has her pride in the dishes tha t is being made. Her line of ancestors recipes are online due to the fact that she cooks with shrimp on daily basis. (Shrimp being the dish chosen for the cook off. Des Jardin won the competition but you can see that her values and beliefs were in play. In the 18th century and the 20 century the Chinese rejected the European religion due to the fact that the Chinese were an ethnocentric type of people that believed that their religion and values were more superior than that of the Europeans so the Chinese never excepted the religious beliefs of the Europeans over their own beliefs in Confucian. References Editorial Board (2013) Introduction to sociology. Words of Wisdom Sayre, Henry M. (2013) Discovering the Humanities. 2nd ED. Pearson

Athenian audience Essay

Examine and compare the motives and actions of Orestes and Electra. To what extent will an Athenian audience admire and approve of them?  Electra is the central character in the play. Her main purpose in this play is to achieve the motive of a typical Greek person, which is to be noble to the gods, family and cherish their homeland. This is why tries as much as possible to kill the murderers of her father and why she thinks by doing this, she is obeying the gods. These murderers happen to be her mother and her lover; Aegisthus.This makes her hate her mother without considering the circumstances to which she was subjected to before killing Agamemnon. Electra describes her as ‘the queen of falsehood†. Pg 77. And a â€Å"worthless slot†. She expresses the hatred for her mother freely. She also hates Aegisthus as he has taken the place of her father. â€Å"Aegisthus sitting in my father’s chair, wearing the clothes he wore, pouring the same libations at the altar where he killed him’. Pg 76. This shows Aegisthus’ lack of respect for Agamemnon, the tradition of the Greeks and the Gods. As a result of the situation she denies herself of the privileges and luxuries of being a princess because she doesn’t want to live of f the means of her worst enemies. She describes herself as ‘an alien slave, a menial†¦dressed like a slattern in coarse and ugly garments’. The death of her Father and the exile of her brother, Orestes makes her mourn helplessly and continuously, as she cannot do anything. â€Å"So I can do nothing but wait in misery†. Pg 77. Mourning in the ancient Greek sense here meant tearing off your hair, crying and all sorts of self-harm. ‘I bring my sad s ongs here and tear my breast till it bleeds†. Pg 71. In addition, Electra also loves her father very much. Her love for him is more of an obsession, which has been seriously affected, as he is now dead. She is subjective to him and is ready to do anything for his sake though he is dead. † I will fall, if need be, for my father’s sake†. Pg 80.She also loves her brother, Orestes who has been exiled. She refers to him as â€Å"her darling† and her â€Å"darling’s own son†. Pg 92 &107.Her feelings towards her sister Chrysothemis is ambiguous as it changes according her actions. At a particular time she can adopt a harsh tone when addressing Chrysothemis â€Å"You ought to be ashamed, if you’re our father’s daughter†. Pg 78. Later on, she refers to her with a much more caring approach. † Listen to me my dear†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Pg 81. Furthermore, Electra has an aggressive approach towards issues. She lacks patience and is unable to consider the consequences of her actions before s he does them â€Å"Prepare fit punishments and turn their pomp to ashes!† This portrays her aggressiveness’ Pg 75. On the other hand we have Orestes who is one of the main male characters. He is the son of Agamemnon and his main aim is also to revenge the death of his father who has been killed by his mother and her lover, Aegithus as explained earlier, as he feels it his responsibility to the gods, which he is trying by all means not to disobey. â€Å"I would not have come back but in the gods’ good time; they brought me back to you†. Pg 108.It is important I note that Orestes expresses a bit of doubt after killing Clytaemnestra. â€Å"All right†¦if Apollo was right†. Pg 114. Also, unlike Electra, Orestes is a more calm and reserved. He does not pour out all his emotions and is more cautious in his actions. He is coordinated and plans his actions before carrying them out. For example, he tells the tutor to deceive his mother, Clytaemnestra and sister, Electra that he is dead in order to set a calm mood in the palace for his mother and also to make his sister lose all hopes that he’ll be coming back to revenge the death of their father. The result of this will be that Electra will calm down. Even when she eventually finds out he is her brother he cautions her. † I would not curb you; but there is danger in too much happiness†. Pg 108. He then comes disguised to kill the murderers of his father. In addition, Orestes contributes to the use of irony. For example â€Å"Which of you, I wonder, would be so good as to tell them within that a long expected visitor is here?† Pg 102. This is an irony as it is true that he has been long expected. Electra also makes use of ironies in the play. â€Å"Yes I see†¦you have it there in your hands†¦there is no doubt, then†¦O my brother†. Pg 103.This is an irony as she is actually talking to her brother. Lastly, Orestes main objective is more of justice and duty than personal hatred for the murderers of his father, Clytaemnestra and Aegisthus or his great love for his father unlike Electra .He believes that killing his father’s murderers is a responsibility given to him by the gods. â€Å"I could not have come but in the gods’ good time; they brought me back†. Pg 108. One can still say that Electra believes it is her duty but her motives still have an implement of her personal love and affection for her father. â€Å"You admit you killed my father; and that is the most monstrous admission you could make, whether you had justice on your side or not†. In conclusion, I personally think that the Greek audience would have sympathised with both Electra and her brother, Orestes as they both present the actions of a Greek person if he or she was in a similar situation, though it might be in different styles. In Electra, I think the audience would have loved the way she cherished the main priorities of a typical Greek person which, is to be loyal to your family and homeland. They would also have admired this in Orestes as he also does the same. The Greek audience would have also loved how she portrayed the regular tradition and culture through her mourning. In Orestes, I think the Greeks would have admired his ability to think of good ideas and his ability to make good use of his sense, as it was regarded as a very important characteristic in the society. They would also have loved the use of irony used by the two characters. The main shortcoming of this play is that the intrigue and suspense is limited, as it would have been more if the audience did not know the story..

Breaking the Chains of Psychological Slavery

There is no such great thing to experience by any individual but to feel that he has freedom. Humankind struggle for liberty can be rooted when the world was outshined by war. These battles made possible for the more powerful forces to suppress and restrain the weak ones. One race that is known in the past that experienced great slavery and condemnation is the Africans-Americans. The history speaks for itself how these people lost their independence for a long time, thus even though the fighting was over the attitudes of being a slaves can still be reflected with their living.Cruel days had gone but it leaves a legacy of profound impact to the minds of people that they had been unknowingly past down to the succeeding generations, thus creating a chains of psychological slavery. The attitudes of a slave are still lingering in the personality of those black people even at our present times; furthermore it can be observe with their manners towards every aspect of their life such as to t heir work, personality, community, their color and their family. During the old times, work for the black Americans were a formed of punishments. They toil not for them selves but for their superiors.Forced labor is a form of slavery in that period, furthermore they have to exert immense effort in order for them to survive, with these practice they begin to hate job. They have been physically and emotionally traumatized by the whole thing, as a result they develop anger. They are still contented on being member of staff and afraid to put up on their on, thus revealing their slavery toward labor. Even though work in our present society is looked upon with pride for the reason that it becomes our bread and butter in order for us to survive, however this is not true for our black fellowmen.Being a serf to a chore, would also influence every aspect of a person. The authors identify this through connecting it with their persona and to their socialization with the population where they be long. The dilemma they’ve been through caused them to have inferiority towards them selves thus affecting their view about themselves. They lose their own confidence, neglecting their abilities, hence making them aloof to mingle with the crowd. Black Americans were isolated before in gatherings, moreover they experienced great color discrimination.Although these scenes is gone today, still the black Americans have fear to mingle with people around them, specially to the white ones. They still have fear to be humiliated because of their color and become a laughing stock by every one, thus the opportunity for friendship is lost. Another though is their attitude towards their property, during the old days, the black people were not entitled to have wealth they can have unlike the other races. They are being questioned, and sometimes what they have were taken from them for no reason at all.The social-political opportunity for them was also impossible, with these family relation w as also affected. With the hardships they have gone through they develop a great love for their family because their family is the only thing they have. The authors uncover the reality of what our fellow black American experienced. The outlooks that they have nowadays is really the residue of what they’ve been through. It leaves them an emotional shock, therefore leaving them a deep mental damage. They may not be free as what we think.â€Å"Our objectives should not be to cry stale tears for the past, nor to rekindle old hatreds for past injustices. We should seeks enlighten our path of today by better understanding where and how the lights were turned out yesterday. † (Douglass F. , Tubman H. , Crow J. , Claus S. , Blyden E. , and Lynch W. , 1996). Knowing the history is not a reason to remain in the dark, rather to make one self out to liberation. Several approaches were mentioned and can be of great help. In order for us to be free, one must know their own self.Iden tifying your strengths as well as your weaknesses is said to be the start of the emancipation process, thus recognizing these, you can devise a plan on how to improve your strong points and how to eliminate the frail one. From these steps, love for your self will rise up, as a result you will not do anything that will hurt or abuse your self in any way. Together with love, the courage and faith will follows. Confidence to fight and voice out what you think is right, and the freedom to express what is inside of your soul. The final stage is having an optimistic outlook towards life, thus believing that everything is possible to happen.Attaining positive views about one self will extend to the outside environment. Getting along with friends is now at easier; hence the door for socialization will become widely open as well as the chance to great breaks in life. The freedom from being a slave to the cruelty of life will carry out. Religion was also touch in breaking the chains of this p sychological slavery. At the end of the day, God is still the most powerful being that they can turn to. Having a deep faith to the divine power was used as an instrument to escape from captivity. However psychological confusion arises.In the midst of burdens and trouble, the only thing important to the black American was to be free. They will try and do anything that comes to their mind, furthermore they have many options to choose but the doubt of success to freedom is still there. Even God was being doubted at that time. In spite of, they still end up with a solution which is to start from their self and from then on the light of liberty can be seen. No one can put them out of the cage of slavery except their own self. The author is right that in order to be liberated from any slavery, the first step should start from the self.Believe in your capabilities, that you can be successful in any path you wish to take to. Trust, love and respect are essential to destroy the link of bein g a serf. We should not live with our past experiences, rather we should view the past as a test and from that test, there is a lesson learned that enable us to become a better individual. It is imperative for us to realize that at the final of each day, we will end up alone; therefore no one has the right to control our life but our self. Being tough and firm can make us free from the slavery of the world.

The Rise of China on the Current World Order Essay

The Rise of China on the Current World Order - Essay Example The Rise of China on the Current World Order The fact that a majority of major economic powers hold strong preference for the current world order should not be surprising because of the lessons learnt from the disturbances in the 20th century that shook international politics, causing a rise of new institutional arrangements. As such, even before the end of World War II, there were efforts aimed at creating world constitutional order. America and other industrialised countries have entered into an age where they experience profound transformation since the international economy emerged in the period around the 17th and 18th centuries. The rise of the Asian economy, specifically China, has greatly influenced international affairs. In fact, Lampton (2008) notes that China’s re-emergence as a key world economic and political actor has received much recognition globally. The size of China’s market and its integration into the world economy has been a source of many opportunities and uncertainties at equal measures. There have been concerns regarding its currency, global trade and appetite for energy (Bergsten, Freeman, Lardy & Mitchell, 2008). Furthermore, concerns have been raised with regards to China’s policies on finance, resource management, food security and commodity prices as affecting millions of people outside its boundaries. In fact, Xing compares it to America’s â€Å"erstwhile role† making it an â€Å"indispensable country† (2010, n.p.). Therefore, the rise of China would definitely have a negative impact on the current world order.

Salt Marsh and Mangroves (for Coastal Defence) Essay

Salt Marsh and Mangroves (for Coastal Defence) - Essay Example Mangroves provide a good site for fisheries as the nursery grounds for young fish (fingerlings) and for laying their eggs. Mangrove forest cover is a crucial part of the bio-diversity of a locality such as giving a good habitat for a host of marine life. This is proven by the presence of three types of fauna found in mangroves which are resident species (living primarily among the mangroves), the seasonal migrants and the occasional species which visit the mangrove stands once in a while. The scientific study of mangroves and salt marsh as part of the conservation efforts is now a recognized field in engineering and of studies in ecology and oceanography. Mangrove forests are natural ecosystems in many coastal areas around the world and provide a natural coastal defence system which is often overlooked by country planners. Mangroves are a good deterrent against erosion caused by higher sea levels due to global warming and a changed wind pattern from various directions and velocities. Unfortunately, mangroves are under threat today from human activities and expansion. This paper will discuss how mangroves and salt marsh are crucial components in the coastal defence of areas threatened with erosion from tides and strong winds. It will then also tackle other issues concerning mangrove forests such as clearing them for firewood, charcoal and the other human needs such as for certain coastal developments like resorts. (Crossland & Kremer 47). Humans today are increasingly seen as major catalysts for change among coastal processes which had not been examined very closely before. Human interventions in areas of the coast form part of the larger anthropocene in which larger ecosystems are impacted. Various threats to Mangrove Forests – mangroves are under pressure from us humans especially in developed mangrove areas of the world such as those located along the Niger and delta areas of the Ganges-Brahmaputra and the Irrawaddy in Burma (Kathiresan 476). Other threats identified are degradation and destruction of the mangroves, plant disease and glo bal warming from climate changes. Some 90% of identified global mangroves are located in developing countries which make these mangrove forests particularly vulnerable to human exploitation and expansion of human activities. The estimated 18 million kms2 of mangroves in 1997 has since been reduced to a mere 15 million square-kilometres; it takes a long time for mangrove forests to recover once these are destroyed. Human Encroachments – this is perhaps the greatest threat to mangroves due to the various activities of humans such as urbanization (like in Singapore), Bangkok, Rangoon and in India (Calcutta and Bombay). Another is agricultural expansion from reclamation activities and for aquaculture purposes such as building ponds for shrimps. Other reasons are cutting the mangroves for firewood, charcoal and lumber (mangrove timber is highly resistant to the usual deterioration of wood because of high phenol content). The mangrove areas are usually drained of their salt water c ontent using rain water and protected from salt water intrusions. Degradation – this results when the health and productivity of the mangrove areas had deteriorated significantly from various causes. Among identified causes are oil pollution, dumped

The role of Markus Wolf in the Stasi regime in East Germany Essay

The role of Markus Wolf in the Stasi regime in East Germany - Essay Example A positive contrast between the two states may be that the NS was an actual German creation that was further deep-seated, but the Communist state of dictatorship was actually an external imposition which gradually turned softer. An intellectual revolution took place after the serene insurgency in 1989, as swiftly the DDR’s furtive papers were controlled by Bundesrepublik Deutschland. BRD had adequate inducement to publicize the secrets of a previous opponent. Through the meticulousness and purposeful promptness of Germans a great number of documents were provided to scholars who hardly had an expectation to smack it so heavily. The new Russian government was not much likely to reveal its history like the Germans; however, a number of its massive records had been searched out in connection with its previous settlement. Chronicles at the back of the Iron Curtain, due to which one may previously have to seek for the grains of corn in the middle of the heap of chaff, have only the natural limitations of memories. Investigating the outlawed Secret Police records in authoritarianism has a brilliant association to it. While all is required to be reserved undisclosed, these police should have kept the secrets. When the public was to know nothing, the Secret Police were supposed to know everything. (Peterson, 2001) As stated by Koehler (1999) Stasi is actually the title of the ministry of State security of East Germany its actual name in German language is â€Å"Ministerium fur Staatssicherheit†, which is abbreviated as â€Å"Stasi† and pronounced as â€Å"Tazi†. Stasi took fame as the secret police service of East Germany. It had its command center in East Berlin in a huge multiplex building and has a number of minor amenities all over the East Berlin. It has been well known as a successful and exploitive secret police service. Stasi used to have slogan which was translated as â€Å"Defense and Weapon

Never let me go Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Never let me go - Assignment Example The story uses both reality and fiction to portray the four major themes which are love, life, care and death. ‘Never let me go’ is a title that suits the novel as the story rotates around love, care and death which are themes related to the idea of refusing to lose something go as a result of cherish or importance. The title is drawn from a cassette tape with the label ‘Songs After Dark’ sang by Judy Bridgewater (Kazuo, 59). Kathy had the cassette while in Hailsham which got lost while still in the school. However Tommy and Ruth come to find another cassette with the same songs ten years later while on their way to Norfolk and decide to take it to Kathy. This can be seen in a statement by Tommy, The album’s called Songs After Dark and it’s by Judy Bridge-water. Whatever I’ve got today isn’t the actual cassette but close to the one in Hailsham† (Kazuo, 59). This indicates that no matter where Kathy goes, the song follows her reminding her of her purpose in life. The story begins in Hailsham at a fiction boarding in England. This is the place where the clones are raised and taught the basic skills I life before moving to the outside world just like the way ordinary people go to school before graduating and joining the independent stage commonly referred to as adulthood. Tommy, Ruth and Kathy develop a relationship based on friendship. They finally leave the facility and get into their normal independent lives. After ten years, they meet again and continue staying close to each other. The memories of Hailsham cold not let go of Tommy as he kept telling Kathy of the life they had back in the boarding facility. This is evident in the statement made by Tommy to Kathy â€Å"You know, Kath, when I used to play football back at Hailsham. I had this secret thing I did. When I scored a goal, Id turn round like this†Ã¢â‚¬â€œhe raised both arms up in triumph–â€Å"and Id run back to my mates. The memories I value most, I dont see them ever

As a senior partner in a marketing consultancy,short business report Assignment

As a senior partner in a marketing consultancy,short business report advising this client - Assignment Example The  troupe  of non-marketing  will have an influence on the marketing executives of the company and in their victory  to maintain good and long term  relationships  with old and new customers. The market environment for an organization or  business  is consist of the  macro environment  that includes external issues of the company or business like political, social, legal aspect with nation and local market and in other hand the  micro environment  which includes the internal issues of company like strength, weakness and opportunities of the company or business which influence in running an organization and its functional departments like finance, production, marketing etc. It will assist the Samsung Company to determine the external and internal forces that influence the company’s potential to fulfill the desire needs of their customers. The Samsung company will able to know that how to change their decisions regarding the economic factors and demographic, so they can implement better marketing strategy to engage more their customers. It also aids the company to analyze the current trend of the market and the requirement of the population of the market via technological and other natural’s factors. Through the help of marketing environment the Samsung company will able to deal with political and legal factors of nations. The marketing environment can be done through with the help of PESTLE analysis and SWOT analysis. PESTLE analysis aids the Samsung to know about of external force which may influence on their work, whereas SWOT analysis will aids to indentify the internal factors and capacity of the Samsung Company. Through this analysis the Samsung Company will capable to know the political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental forces, these are external factors. In other hand, strength,

What is meant by a Failing State, main causes of it and what may be Essay

What is meant by a Failing State, main causes of it and what may be done to help states that are failing - Essay Example As this occurs, nations and groups become threatened by the environmental actions and may response negatively. The link between climate change and threats to global security become pertinent in understanding the complexities that are arising from both the environmental concerns and the political affiliations and actions in response. The concept of climate change is developed on the theory that there is an alteration in the system of the earth. Increasing temperatures, changes in resources and natural disasters are all pointing to the definition of climate change. This was specifically announced by the politician Al Gore, with his announcement of the threat of global warming. The theory which was presented was one that was based on the environmental changes leading to destruction of the earth. The destruction was compounded specifically because of pollution, destruction of natural resources and the impact of the environment on different countries. The combination of these environmental factors led to scientists finding different understanding with environmental impact while developing specific risks in regards to climate change. Environmentalists began to demand that natural resources be used in a different way. As this increased, were also opposing groups that found the changes in use of resources created a sen se of risk, specifically in terms of politics, economics, social and cultural demands (Stern, 7: 2006). The impact of global warming and the current shift to climate change has created specific political responses, specifically which is related to economics and the need to monitor resources at a global level. The introduction of climate change led to interference from political organizations in regards to taking action, including the UN and the intergovernmental panel. The concepts which each of these governmental structures have carried are to show

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)+Multi-objective analysis or Essay

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)+Multi-objective analysis or indicators - Essay Example Therefore it is a key factor contributing to project success. Nevertheless, procurement strategy selection decisions have been mostly judgmental, and hence subject to biases of the decision-maker. In this respect, the need to have a more objective and systematic selection model is self-evident. Developing a model for procurement selection is therefore of strategic importance and several leading research works have been reported (Masterman and Gameson, 84; Skitmore and Marsden, 121; Love et al., 221). This paper reports a study conducted in Hong Kong on the development of a procurement selection model based on multi-attribute utility technology (MAUT). The robustness of the model is enhanced with the use of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the importance weightings for the selection criteria. The proposed method seeks to improve the objectivity of the procurement selection process by utilizing the expertise of industrial experts to determine the utility factors. The analytical hierarchy process is used also to determine the importance weightings of the selection criteria. When construction clients face the problem of selecting a procurement method for a project, the clients’ previous experience plays an influential role. As well as the degree of subjectivity, the decision is complicated by the multitude of decision criteria and options available. The nature of the problem fits nicely with multi-attribute utility technology (Edwards, 3; Green, 1992). MAUT is a methodology that can be used as a tool for measuring objectivity in an otherwise subjective area of management (Fellows et al., 27). MAUT is considered to be appropriate as it enables the integration of both the effects of the priority rating and the utilities derived from the respective procurement options. The approach involves first assigning a rating to each of the selection criteria. The ratings are then applied to the utilities derived from a particular procurement method against

Group Development Application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group Development Application - Assignment Example The workforce that companies, businesses, and foundations have is the first if not the key factor in any start up. This means, selecting the right skills, right professionals, and the right advice for the foundation. To collect data at the initial start of the project, the foundation will hire 100 employees on a one-off contract basis. These personnel will be responsible for data collection, analysis and drawing out conclusions. They will be composed of professional qualitative data research and analyst who are unit leaders. The other 70 personnel are capable elites that will not take us a century to train. Another group will be operating at our head office located in the capital city Nairobi. They are composed of 50 professionals and 15 casual workers hired on permanent terms and conditions. Professionals workers from a variety of fields including human resource managers, accountants, field agents and counselors among other staff that will come up handy, of importance and goes along the mission statement. We have to maintain a high standard service code to be able to succeed. To justify utilization of different groups of this vastness is that it involves duties that need the utmost teamwork and understanding. There are skilled personnel and the casuals that work in the organization. Groupings of personnel are done that is comprised of personnel from various regions and backgrounds. The entire team has to work together. A mixture of workers will submit duties, when there is a need to respond to certain special needs. Without which my leadership is doomed (Coetzer, 2007) Challenges are inevitable wherever we are on the face of the world. We need to hope for challenges only when we are ready. As a leader, I will learn to handle challenges accompanying such groupings. Time and again teams will have frictions here and there. Given that people are made of who, where, how, and what experience and natural

Mockingjay Book Review Essay Example for Free

Mockingjay Book Review Essay Imagine the cruelest form of a dictatorship you can think of, randomly selecting two young and innocent children per state from their families and friends. This is the corrupt and power-obsessed capitol. The capitol forces 24 children, 2 from each district to get put into an arena where they must violently fight to the death; there are 12 districts. This is called the hunger games, a â€Å"celebration† rather than a punishment to remember the 13th district that attempted to overrule the capitol, therefore, destroyed. The treacherous and notorious hunger games are nationally televised to all the districts as a lesson and are an amazing and honorable task to the people of the capitol. When Katniss Everdeen’s sister is randomly selected, Katniss takes her place in the games and wins. She is then reselected back into the games the next year and forcefully taken against her will in a surprise attack during the games into what is now known as the surviving district 13. In the final book of the trilogy, Mockingjay, starts off where Katniss is then taken into the underground District 13, a secret remaining district which is grouping together as rebels to fight against the capitol. Mockingjay has captured thousands of audiences ranging from kids, teenagers, and adults. Mockingjay has an unexpected turn in fate when most of the trilogies fans expect to finally see Katniss in freedom from the games and to find her romantic life where she can live in happiness and peace. When she becomes the rebel’s leader and emblem in district 13, it’s unexpected when she is soon found to be trapped in the evil and manipulative ways of government type control again. The capitol had used a televised, violent, and an effective show of the hunger games to prove to the world how much power and control they had over everyone else, and to threaten others so that they will not try and regain strength against the capitol again. Now, districts 13’s rebels are trying to overrule the capitol by using the same savage like strategies. They are creating videos of their rebellious actions and uprisings and televising them as well for more supporters. Soon enough, Katniss realizes she has fallen into the manipulation of another group again, and is causing just as much anger, pain. Sacrifice, and war as the capitol themselves were. This book is as popular and similar in fiction, style, and audience as some of the greatest fiction stories in the world such as, â€Å"Harry Potter†, â€Å"The Chronicles of Narnia†, and the â€Å"Twilight† trilogy. They all take place in a separate fantasy world where its evil vs. the good incorporated with the usual romance affairs. The nasty tracker jackers that take over memoires and change them so people forget who they are, the beautiful jabberjays, so entrancing yet evil by projecting the screams of your loved ones being tortured. Katniss as the main character of course is like Harry Potter, or Bella. She is brave, important, bossy, skillful, intelligent, logical, swift, humorous, thoughtful, caring, independent and sympathetic. Her personality traits are amazing as well as her physical, she is enchanting and beautiful. Her looks are mesmerizing when she rides across the arena in her carriage and dress on fire. She is the girl on fire, the fierce and brave girl who started it all by saving her younger sister. The story is dark and twisted, yet mind grabbing, and fascinating. Its gruesome and detailed events are disturbing but so thrilling and adventurous you can’t seem to stop reading this famous and loved trilogy.

The Evolution Of Animation

The Evolution Of Animation Ever since the beginning of photography, people learned that pictures taken in quick series, of a moving object, could be flipped through, in succession, to create the illusion of a moving picture. For many years Animation has been used. Animation was done in black and white such as cartoons and movies in the early 1900s. The backgrounds and the cartoon drawings were made simple. Animation technology has come a long way since the early days of hand-drawn cartoons. The tools have changed dramatically. Animation is a graphic representation of drawings to show movement within those drawings. A series of drawings are linked together and usually photographed by a camera. The drawings have been slightly changed between individualized frames so when they are played back in rapid succession (24 frames per second) there appears to be seamless movement within the drawings. Early animations, which started appearing before 1910, consisted of simple drawings photographed one at a time. It was extremely labor intensive, as there were literally hundreds of drawings per minute of film. Early animators used an animation technique known as stop action. With the camera stopped, items would be rearranged, removed, or added to the shot then the director would start rolling again. Live action films using this procedure were called Trick Plays. American studios soon turned to flat animation as opposed to dimensional animation, finding it much more efficient for their assembly-line techniques of making animated films. To illustrate the difference between the two, picture Gumby (a dimensional character) as opposed to Tweety Bird, a drawing. The development of celluloid around 1913 quickly made animation easier to manage. Instead of numerous drawings, the animator now could make a complex background and/or foreground and squeeze in moving characters in between several other pieces of celluloid, which is transparent except for where drawings are painted on it. This made it unnecessary to repeatedly draw the background, as it remained static and only the characters moved. It also created an illusion of depth, especially if foreground elements were placed in the frames. The first animated cartoon was created in 1910 by pioneers such as Emile Cohl and Winsor McCay. The animation timeline then starts to progress with several films being produced during the next twenty years; Gertie the Dinosaur, produced by Winsor McCay and distributed to commercial movie theaters in 1914 being a land mark during this period. In the 1920s and 1930s Warners, MGM and Disney studios developed cartoon techniques, producing more and more sophisticated cartoons using traditional animation techniques of producing complex backgrounds and then imposing moving figures on them with celluloid, a transparent film. Walt Disney took animation to a new level adding sound in 1928 and producing the first full length animated film in 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Since the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney in 1937, animated films have become one of the most commonly enjoyed forms of entertainment. Disney has a long history of developing, producing, and distributing films such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King. The stories and characters of these popular animated feature films have become part of our modern traditions, enjoyed by every generation. Traditionally, these popular animated feature films have been created using the time-consuming and labor-intensive process of two-dimensional, hand-drawn cel animation. Today animation is rarely done on cel (Cel is a sheet of transparent cellulose acetate used as a medium for painting animation frames. It is transparent so that it can be laid over other celluloid and/or a painted background, then photographed.) Cel animation is extremely time consuming and requires incredible organization and concentration to detail. The way of doing animation today is different an d is more effective and it majorly depends on the new advanced computer technology. Remarkable animated films wouldnt have been possible without the new advances in computer technology. On the other hand even the computer technology itself is not new. Films like Toy Story, Madagascar, Finding Nemo, Up etc are the magnificent pieces of work done by Disney and they wouldnt have been possible without the computer technology. In the past the animators used to work very hard just to make a small video, but now its all computerized and one can easily see the evolution of animation that how significantly it has improved and made a special place for itself in the industry. According to Buffy Naillon, Computer animation changed the animated film industry. Animation today is based more on math formulas than the ability to draw According to Library.ThinkQuest.org, computer animation began about 40 years ago by General Motors. The company created a design system called DAC (Design Augmented by Computers). With it, they could look at 3D models of their cars from every angle. Consistent with PIXAR where films go through four stages: development, creating storyline; pre-production, addressing technical challenges; production, making the film; and post-production, polishing the final product. Today animation is done in a very effective manner, its a complete process with various steps which includes the idea of the film development, then to create a story line in which pre-production is done and dealing with all the technical challenges are also done in this step, later comes the production and the making of the film and then with the final touches the polishing is done. Today we have 3 dimensional animated films, which give the impression of being more realistic. Everyone today is fond of animated films. When that sledgehammer comes down on Sylvester the Cats big toe and it grows to the size of a watermelon theres no trick photography involved. The stories are very beautiful yet simple. And the most important the quality of the animated films today is way different then what we had in past. Animated films today when played in rapid succession appear to have seamless movements within the layouts. Seeing the old methods of animation and the methods used today really shows how the animating process has evolved and how it is getting better and better. The animation timeline carry on in the new millennium with movies like How to train your Dragon, Toy Story 3, Shrek The Final Chapter, and many more to follow.

Sutton Hoo :: Burial Tradition Traditional Culture Essays

Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo is an Anglo-Saxon ship burial (also described by some as a grave field) that is located in England in the county of Suffolk. In 1939 a ship was found filled with the war gear and treasure of a Heroic Age English king. This site in which the ship was found is called Sutton Hoo. The ship was found buried in a ditch under a huge mound of earth. Sutton Hoo consists of at least 15 mounds of various sizes. The treasure is believed to have belonged to a king who died somewhere around the year 650. Some of the items found were a sword, shield, a huge gold belt buckle, and other items. The religious belief of the people at that time was that there was an afterlife and that the dead must be buried with all of their possessions so they would be prepared for their next life. That is why there was a need for a very large ship to hold all of the items. The poem Beowulf describes how Scyld, King of the Danes, is buried. Scyld is put onto a ship with his weapons and many treasures, and then the vessel is set off into the sea. This description is similar in detail to the Sutton Hoo ship except for the fact that this ship was buried on land. There was also nobody buried in Sutton Hoo. Because of the new belief in Christianity, the body might have been actually buried separately and Sutton Hoo stood as a sort of memorial or monument for the dead. Sutton Hoo was located on the property of a woman named Mrs. Pretty who wanted to keep the objects for herself. A decision had to be made as to who had the right to the find. It was eventually decided that the items belonged to the woman. Mrs. Pretty died a few years after the find, but she did want the public to be able to enjoy the artifacts and they were given to a British Museum after her death. In all I learned that the Sutton Hoo was a means of respect and tradition among Anglo-Saxon people. This was the people’s way to pay homage for a fallen warrior.

Code of Honor in the Epic of Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

Beowulf: Code of Honor After fighting and winning many battles, Beowulf's life enters a new stage when he finally becomes king of his homeland, Geatland. Even in his old age, his code of honor still obligates him to fight against an evil, fiery dragon. For fifty years he has governed his kingdom well. While Beowulf is governing, the dragon "...kept watch over a hoard, a steep stone-barrow" (Norton 55). Under it lays a path concealed from the sight of men. Over centuries no one had disturbed the dragon’s kingdom until one day when a thief broke into the treasure, laid hand on a cup fretted with gold, which infuriated the dragon. "The fiery dragon had destroyed the people's stronghold, the land along the sea, the heart of the country" (Norton 57). Beowulf is an epic poem that was written in the late tenth-century, at the kingdom of the West Saxons. The two main characters are Beowulf, a young man; and Grendel, a furious dragon. Beowulf's world is a very violent society with wars as a dominant part of daily life. Dragons and monsters are a constant threat to the Danes and the Geats. Warriors are a necessity to this war-like society. Beowulf is a hero as well as a great, and honorable, warrior. After fighting and winning many battles, Beowulf's life enters a new stage when he finally becomes king of his homeland, Geatland. Even in his old age, his code of honor still obligates him to fight against an evil, fiery dragon. For fifty years he has governed his kingdom well. While Beowulf is governing, the dragon "...kept watch over a hoard, a steep stone-barrow" (Norton 55). Under it lays a path concealed from the sight of men. Over centuries no one had disturbed the dragon’s kingdom until one day when a thief broke into the treasure, laid hand on a cup fretted with gold, which infuriated the dragon. "The fiery dragon had destroyed the people's stronghold, the land along the sea, the heart of the country" (Norton 57). Beowulf prepares to fight a dragon with his thane, Wiglaf. Beowulf has no fear of the dragon, because he has fought many enemies that were much more ferocious. One example of Beowulf's great battles is the fight with Grendel. No one other than Beowulf is brave enough or strong enough to volunteer to fight Grendel.

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Educational Philosophy Webster’s dictionary defines the word educate as to develop and cultivate mentally or morally; train; instruct; teach. I would like to be someone who educates because educators, or teachers, help people and have an influence over their students. A teacher is someone who earns respect and is looked up to by others. I want to be a teacher because I want to be able to help people and make an impact on someone’s life. When I become a teacher, I want to have an orderly and structured classroom. I want the children in my class to be comfortable and in the best environment for learning. When the children come into the gymnasium, I want them to go into the locker room and get dressed to participate and come out and line up on a certain spot, which is assigned to them. Hopefully, by lining them up it will discourage discrimination and let the children make new friends. The walls in the gymnasium and the locker room will display all the rules and procedures of the class, the gymnasium, the locker room, and the school. It will also have the policies and various procedures of the school for the students to refer to. The activities will be appropriate. I will inform the students as to where and when equipment is and used. I will inform them as to when it is appropriate to get the equipment out and to put it back in its place. I see myself as a progressive teacher according to my styles of teaching. I will establish a non-authoritarian classroom. This means that I will be asking my students for help in making the rules and consequences for the gymnasium. We will decide the severity of the rule that was broken and match it with an equally severe punishment. We will decide as a group what kind of organization we will have in the gymnasium. There will be incentives for good behavior in physical education class. Rewards will vary for many reasons, such as weather, time of year, time, etc. I will inform my students as to what type of teaching style I liked when I was in school and ask them for their opinions on what type they would like, however that does not necessarily mean I will use what they suggest. I might integrate some of their suggestions into my own teaching style.

Latvia and Great

Due today : Outline the answers to the following questions: Thesis: Before Peter the Great, Russia was more of an Asian nation than a European nation. A. Give one argument to support this statement B. Bullet two ways by which Peter the Great tried to westernize Russia C. Name one territory he gained for Russia D. Explain one reason why Catherine the Great was interested in extending her empire to the Black Sea. A. Before Peter the Great, Russia was more of an Asian nation than a European nation. a. i. Before Peter the Great, no Russian had the courage to even try to convertRussia into an westernized, European nation. When Peter the Great acquired power, he improved the Russian army, remodeled the social and economic structure of Russia and conquered territory towards Sweden to gain access to the Baltic Sea. B. Peter the Great tried to westernize Russia by: a. i. Applying European culture, including: clothing and life style and even forcing men to shave their long beards. a. ii. Impro ving: industry, military, housing, trading, manufacturing and agriculture by more taxes. C. Peter the Great gained many territories from 1700 to 1721.Peter the Great led Russia in a war against Sweden. From this war, Russia gained control over territory along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. This land gave Russia a direct approach by water to the rest of Europe. Peter attacked Persia and conquered territory along the Caspian Sea. These conquests helped Russia to expand its trade with other countries. D. Catherine the Great was interested in extending her empire towards the Black Sea because: a. i. She wanted to continue the expansionist policies of Peter the Great and conquer the black sea in order to please Russia's demands of sought warm ports.

Apple: Power, Control and Conflict Essay

According to Fortune magazine, Apple has been named the most admired company in the US in 2008, expanding its reputation throughout the world from 2008-2012. However, the popular giant organisation has being critsized widely for it’s contractor labour practices, business practices as well as Apple’s own environmental approach. This essay will analyze Apple in two different perspective theories which will help us understand the practices in a better context; these two perspective will be the modernist and the Critical theory. The modernist organization theorist thinks that having a grasp over knowledge over how well they understand how and why organizations work the way they do and how their functionality is affected by the ever-changing environmental conditions. Organizational problems are identified so as to come up with more efficient and effective ways for the organization to improve its profitability and have a competitive advantage. In addition, the modernist theorist thinks that successful organizations are able to cope with pressures internally and externally, develop basic competencies, increase productivity and being adaptable to change. The Critical Theory perspective is actually a somewhat opposite approach of the modernist theory. It is introduced to critique the unfavourable working conditions for the workers in an organisation. Although critical theorists claim it is important to observe and interact with the world, they also believe one must be able to examine and approach problems in order to come up with solutions (Rucker, 2012) Critical theorist also feel that the modernist way consider labour power is a commodity because they use people to to generate financial gains. The critical theory also states that there are unequal power in the workplace where there is control and domination by the managers with authoritative power. Power,Control, conflict There are three different theories to power, control and conflict in an organisation. According to (Weber, 2001), he thinks that legitimate power is hidden within hierarchy. For control, it is usually exercised by the organisation and it is assumed that the decision maker agree about organisational goals. Finally, for conflict, organizational decision makers are usually faced with competition, scarce resources, interdependence. This usually leads to the conflicts as the one holding powerful positions would tend to make their own decisions for their own benefits to safeguard their position. This becomes a political behavior by individuals. However, self awareness of the individual would usually lead them to align their interests with that of the company’s that will in turn benefit the organization objectives at the same time. Modernist theorists hold the concept of control using bureaucratic theories. It makes use of authority to set certain regulations, rules, standard procedures to obtain a certain kind of control over its employees. It also usually engage in differentiation and departmentalization. The modernist theorist strives to improve efficiency and effectiveness at all times by having control on information, surveillance, rewarding of employees and a contract to protect the interests of both sides. Clan control theories approaches are also used to influence employees through group behavior and to establish culture within groups. Finally, they also hold the belief that conflict in organization is counter-productive and should be managed by those in power to maximize performance. A critical theorist believes in the social, economic and political structures and ideologies play a part in affecting the organisation. It also challenges the owner’s right to profit-favours democracy. It also criticizes the system showing signs of exploitation, domination, resistance and miscommunication. It tries to frees dominated groups and develop more democratic and humanistic forms. It believes that employees of an organisation usually give consent to their own exploitation through a false sense of consciousness. Finally, it feels that conflict is an inevitable consequence of capitalism and is necessary for resistance. When the two different individuals have different perspective, disagreements tend to occur. The disagreements are further aggravated by the miscommunication or the attitudes of different individuals. This usually results in one party trying to gain an upper hand on another. A modernist theorist keeps conflicts under control by assigning power and authority to an individual to manage such problems. The formalised methods, rules and regulations by organisations also assist in helping to reduce conflicts at work. With lesser conflicts occurring at work, performance, productivity and efficiency is greatly improved. In comparison, the critical theorist supports conflicts as it shows a form of resistance towards the power in the organisation. With conflicts, improvements could be implemented and this could increase work productivity as well as a sense of worker’s satisfaction. Conflicts are viewed as beneficial in this case as workers are entitled to their own opinions which in turns help motivate the worker’s morale and induce creativity in them. Organization structure and physical structure The organisational social structure refers to the relationship people share within an organisation. This structure is believed to be used as a tool to control organisational outcomes. It also represents the way people interact and exchange information and data which improves the efficieincy of the organisation. The physical structure refers to the spatial relationships between physical elements of an organisation linked to its buildings and the places they are located at. Modernist and Critical theorist share similar ideologies about the organisation and physical structure as they help employees achieve maximum productivity which increase efficiency. However, there are certain views that are between Modernist and Critical Theorist that pales in comparison. Modernist theorist usually try to look for high levels of performance which they believe is linked to statistical relationships between dimensions of structure and performance they could develop a successful strategy. They follow the organisational practices and regulations by adopting the ‘Mechanistic’ structure (Burns & Stalker, 1961), which implements conventionalism and customary practices through guidelines. With positions and ranks to determine authority, this usually creates a sense of control over employees to achieve beneficial profits (Clegg & Haugaard, 2009). This structure is usually modelled on successful governing organisations to be used as a point of reference. As for the physical structure, the modernist perspective believes that lighting, music, temperature and a few other physical factors affects employee’s productivity. Critical theorists states that organisation and physical structures are required as the organisation would not be able to function normally without a proper structure and hierarchy. However, they see it as a way to implement and maintain control over employees. (Hatch and Cunliffe,2006). Critical theorist holds a different opinion in comparison to the modernist view on ideology as it feels that the modernist approach tends to exploit workers. They strive to enable the employees to be able to voice out against the management who make use of employee’s efforts. The critical theorists prefer to rely on the â€Å"Organic† structure (Burns & Stalker 1961) as it ensures flexibility, creativity and and tends to be less formalised. Organization Culture Apple represents a significant part of modern culture in today’s context. However, culture is a make-believe approach and does not really affect the company as a whole. Nonetheless, Apple makes full use of this approach to successfully manipulate culture to ‘please’ customers and profit off them. Analysis of Apple in Theoretical perspective The two perspectives are used to define Apple’s positive outcomes of its successful business model and understand its shortcomings. Mordernist and critical theorist have different approach on power, control, perception of organizational and physical structures of organizations. Therefore a comparison between the two theories will allow us to have a better understanding of how a big organization like Apple operates. Apple is considered one of the most successful companies globally. It is considered one of the most iconic brands around the world. Their success did not come until the introduction of iMac, iPhone and iPad series. In the modern world where people cannot live communications and networking, speed is an important factor which determines the consumer’s choices. Apple has managed to meet the consumer’s expectations of speed with an added advantage of its products being user-friendly. Modern Perspective Modernist theorist feels that Apple is the perfect example as it sets a standard for other companies to model after. It has been discovered that Apple has eanings of over $400,000 in profit per employee. That is more than other global organisations such as Goldman Sachs, Exxon Monil or Google in 2011 (Duhigg & Bradsher, 2012). With the tremendous amount of profits, it usually means the company is doing well according to modernist theorist. Apple’s values of having a clear direction, individual accountability, sense of urgency, constant feedback and clarity of mission has helped to benefit them financially as well as winning the admiration of other organizations. Apple’s operating procedures at first had proper power and control just like any other organizations. This shows that they followed the hierarchy and implemented a bureaucratic system for the employees to adhere to. Apple believes doing this will enable to employees to improve into an elite workforce. However, when Steve Jobs became CEO, he introduced a different concept to the organisation. There were still power and authority at work but this was rearranged to keep the employees motivated at work. Apple also introduced the â€Å"Direct Responsible Individual’, meaning that there were no confusion to the responsibilities of the individual that were assigned to handle as it was detail-orientated. Everybody is responsible for their own actions therefore the employees could take pride in their work. However, the control still works in a bureaucratic manner without compromising the flow of communication, therefore respecting the hierarchy of the organisation. (Clegg & Hauggard 2009). This in turn helps to boost Apple’s reputation as a professional and reputable company, giving rise to their stock prices that appealed to buyers. Apple has always outsourced its manufacturing procedures to foreign countries; This has enabled them to source for lower paid workers who were more than willing to take up the repetitive and tough jobs compared to their counterparts in America. They chose china because of its large population and cheap labour, with an average hourly rate of US $1.57 in 2008 (Froud, Johal, Leaver & Williams, 2012). They were able to produced on a massive scale with the large manpower working in its China factories. With the low production cost per unit, Apple’s gross margin per unit sold was high, raising its stock market value rising up to $343 billion (Froud, Johal, Leaver and Williams, 2012). Organizations around the world are now following in Apple’s footsteps by outsourcing their manufacturing procedures to other countries hoping to gain a higher profit margin. Critical Perspective Critical theorists criticize Apple’s operation approach as it feels that all it cares about is its profits and does not consider the needs of its employees. Although Apple claim to put less pressure and allow its employees to improve their creativity on by introducing the â€Å"Direct Responsible Individual’, Critical Theorists feels that the organisation is just making use of the employees ideas without giving them the due recognition or financial benefits generated from their own ideas. So the critical theorist is suggesting that Apple’s approach to ‘organic’ structure (Burns & Stalker 1961) is used just to exploit and control their workers by allowing them to feel a false sense of fulfilment. Critical theorist also question Apple’s decision to outsource their manufacturing process to Foxcon. They feel that workers were exploited by the low wages and long working hours. Dangerous work environments with routinized procedures to adhere to further aggravate the working conditions for the employees of Foxcon. This has allowed Apple to reap tremendous profits at the expense of the worker’s wages and poorly constructed work environment. All these factors contributed to the unexpected suicide cases due to what employees have to face at Foxcon. Although Apple released a statement that it will try its best to improve the working conditions at Foxcon, critical theorists have doubts about their claims and believe they will continue to exploit their workers. Apple and its environment The organizational environment is external factors that will affect the organization. (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006) The environment plays an important part for Apple’s growth and sustainbility as it is a big organization. Modern perspectives Modernist oversee the environment by observing and approaching it systematically and technologically. By relating to Apple, the organisation separates itself from its manufacturing facilities in China although it uses these resources for their input process. The products produced by the factories would then be sold internationally. As Apple is aware how the environment may affect or impede their financial progress, it sticks closely to the three environmental contingency theories to help them adapt. The first theory that modernist examine would be the ‘Environmental Contingency Theory’. This states that the organization structure should undergo changes to fit the current environment (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967). In the context of Apple, this organization change in structure could be evident in the early 90s, where Apple attempts to reinvent its platforms and improve its products hardware. It also restructured the company’s product line and introduced a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy. This adaptative approach has helped Apple return to profitability and combat other competition from other companies externally. The next theory will be the ‘Resource Dependence Theory’. This states that the environment has a tremendous influence over the organization. Therefore it must control their dependency on it and try to come up with counter strategies to the environment. (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967). One of the examples that can be linked back to Apple would be how it outsourced its manufacturing processes to foreign countries. This shows that it is not dependent on its own labour resources but scout for cheaper alternatives instead. This theory has assisted Apple in the sense of not being too dependent of the resources found in its own country, allowing Apple to reap massive financial benefits in doing so. Finally, the last theory would be the ‘Population Ecology’ theory. Organizational ecology gets information from the biology, economics, and sociology, and tries to rely on statistical analysis to grasp the conditions under which organizations emerge, grow, and die. (Hanan & Freeman, 1977) It is seen as a different option to gain a stronger hold to the adaptation perspective. Simplified, it’s the idea that environment affects organization structure, failure, and success. This happens when companies focus on surviving within an environment by being dependent on it to operate at a basic level (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Apple’s success has left many organisations around to world trying to model after it in order to be gain financial benefits. Apple has set a benchmark for the organisations to rely on in order to survive. Therefore, Apple has successfully implemented certain strategies that allowed it to outlast the environment and still continue to do well. Critical perspective Critical theorists believe that Apple is a capitalist who make use of the environment to support their own company objectives. The management of Apple is seen as concentrating their efforts on profitable ideas instead of improving organisational productivity and effectiveness. This makes the company develop a sense of invulnerability. Capitalist are able to gain control over societies to avoid making restitutions for poor social and environmental conduct. Over the years, Apple has managed to transformed from an American based company to a transitional corporation. It is able to operate and produce anywhere as long as the input resource is low in cost. Although Apple has helped boost China’s economy and generate jobs and income for its citizens, critical theorist states that Apple only does this for their own financial interest. This can be seen from the exploitation of under-aged workers and the disregard for worker’s safety in a poorly constructed factory. Critical theorist also believes the fact that Apple is trying to gain monopoly of the workers through Taylorism approaches. This affects the employees in such a way that they have no other skills but to continue working for Apple. As the Chinese government does not want Apple to pull out of its country for the financial growth it is generating, it is coerced to comply with Apple’s undesirable organisational practices. Finally, Apple also registered their organisation with NASDAQ. This will improve public awareness and recognition in the company within its environment as they can provide future fund-raising capabilities by means of issuing share (Mcdowall, 2007). Achieving this would enable them to improve their net worth and gain an upper standing in the financial world. This will allow them to dominate over the environment’s social network. Conclusion In conclusion, through the two perspectives, it has allowed us to effectively see the differences in practices in Apple. It may be a correct organisational approach in the sense of a modernist view, but in a critical view, it focuses more on the social impacts Apple has on its employees. Therefore, the views only provide two different approaches of but not about whether it is a right or wrong practice. The theoretical perspective only serve as a rule of thumb in viewing the organisation in from different angles but is not a good benchmark to rely on for judgement of discernment. References: Adam Lashinsky, Sr. Editor at Large 2011, How Apple works: Inside the world’s biggest startup and Apple’s core: Who does what. Bakan, Joel (2004) The Corporation (p5-27). New York : Free Press Berg, Chris , 2012, West views poverty as a poison Apple Burns, T & Stalker, GM1961, The Management of Innovations, Tavistock Publications, London Clegg, S., & Dunkerly, D. (1980). Organization, class and control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Duhigg Charles & Barboza David, 2012, Working themselves to death Fortune Magazine (2012) World Most Admired company http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-admired/2012/snapshots/670.html (viewed on 20th August) Hatch, MJ & Cunliffe, AL 2006, Organization Theory Modern , Symbolic , and Postmodern Perspectives, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, England. Jenny Chan and Ngai Pun (2012) Suicide as Protest for the New Generation of Chinese Migrant Workers: Foxconn, Global Capital, and the State Julie Froud, Sukhdev Johal, Adam Leaver, Karel Williams, 2012, Apple Business Model : Financialization across the Pacific Lawrence, P., and Lorsch, J. (1967) â€Å"Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations† Administrative Science Quarterly 12, 1-30. Max Weber, (2001) Introduction to Sociology http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/undergraduate/introsoc/weber11.html McDowall, Len, 2007, publicly Listing a Company, the Advantages & Disadvantages, (http://www.integralcapital.com.au/public_panel/publicly_listing_by_Len_McDowall.php) Michael T. Hannan and John H. Freeman (1977) The population ecology of organizations http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/org_theory/Scott_articles/han_free_orgec.html Sadler, P.J. and Barry, B. A. 1970. Organisational Development, London: Longmans.

Jail Overcrowding

The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act Will Stop Prison Overcrowding General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that accepting The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act is the best method to stop prison overcrowding. Main Idea: The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act, also known as NORA, will solve the prison overcrowding problem that is primarily caused by mandatory sentences for nonviolent criminals. I. Introduction A. As you can see from this video: http://www. outube. com/watch? v=J_J0zlx-McQ B. The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act, also known as NORA, will solve the prison-overcrowding problem that is primarily caused by mandatory sentences for nonviolent criminals. C. I am going to explain how NORA will put an end to prison overcrowding by: 1. Reiterating the problems associated with prison overcrowding 2. Illustrating the primary cause of prison overcrowding 3. Describing the benefits that will result from accepting proposition 5. II. Body A. Prison overcrowding creates inadequate healthcare for inmates, threatens the safety of Americans, and inhibits the rehabilitation of convicts. 1. Due to the increasing number of prisoners in American jails, we do not have sufficient facilities or funding to provide the necessary health accommodations. The Vera Institute, for example, is a nonprofit organization that works with government to improve various injustices. According to their research, â€Å"the wait for [medical] treatment often outlasts a prisoner’s sentence† (Gibbons 93). Not only does overcrowding threaten the health of nmates, it also jeopardizes public safety. 2. After finding out that California prisons were running at double their capacities, federal judges ordered that the state reduce its prisoners by about 40,000 (Liptak). Considering majority of the drug related sentences are mandatory, they may have to release prisoners who committed crimes such as armed robbery, homicide, breaking and entering, and sexual assault. These criminals may have been reformed in prison, but this is unlikely considering prison rehabilitation and reform programs are inefficient due to overcrowding. . Research done by the University of Pennsylvania found that prisoners who graduated from college programs during their incarceration were â€Å"50% less likely to be rearrested, and 60% less likely to be re-incarcerated† (Hall). Yet, in the past, Congress has banned prisoners from such programs because of lack of funding due to overcrowding. By 1997, for example, â€Å"fewer than 2% of prisoners were enrolled† in educational programs (Erisman). Before these programs can be initiated, however, we must first deal with the cause of prison overcrowding. B. Prison overcrowding is primarily caused by mandatory drug sentences. 1. In my opinion, the primary reason for prisons is to keep dangerous criminals off of the streets. The government, on the other hand, seems to think it is more important to keep petty drug dealers in their prisons. 2. According to the Drug Policy Alliance Network, which is one of the nation’s leading organizations on the war on drugs, the mandatory drug policy resulted in, â€Å"more than 80 percent of the increase in the federal prison population from 1985 to 1995. † And , â€Å"the U. S. Sentencing Commission reports that only 11 percent of federal drug defendants are high-level drug dealers. † This means that about 90% of the 80% increase of inmates are harmless street dealers. 3. Instead of just slamming a harmless drug dealer into a jail cell, which ultimately results in releasing the same drug dealer after his or her sentence, policy makers should focus on drug rehabilitation, which will not only stop the problems associated with overcrowding, but also help to stop future drug violators. C. The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act is the ideal solution to prison overcrowding. 1. According to the Smart Voter, an organization which educates voters as to the implications of policies, NORA essentially limits the amount of prison time a harmless drug offender can serve, increases the parole of violent crimes, and creates mandatory drug rehabiliation programs for drug offenders and optional programs for the youth of our nation. 2. NORA was originally created to fight the obscene amount of overcrowding in California prisons. I believe, however, the United States government should accept it as a federal policy, by voting for it to be a mandatory program for nonviolent drug offenders. Especially considering â€Å"prison overcrowding is evident in almost every state,† not just the state of California. 3. According to an article written by Solomon Moore in The New York Times, drug sentencing has become so extreme, that carrying an illegal substance that weighs less than half of a tic tac can grant you 25 years in prison. According to the official NORA website, if NORA was accepted, within 8 years, it would save 84,000 people from facing mandatory drug sentences. 4. NORA will also save 2. 5 billion dollars (Facts). This is especially important considering the costs to uphold the large amount of prisoners far exceeds the amount of money granted to higher education (Archibald). These statistics are only applied to the state of California. Just imagine how much of an impact it would have if it was implemented in every state 5. The reduction in the number of mandatory nonviolent sentences would greatly reduce the amount of prisoners, ultimately stopping prison overcrowding. The rehabilitation programs will also hinder future drug offenders. III. Conclusion A. Overall, it is quite clear that everyone benefits from The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act. 1. Convicted criminals will finally be given adequate healthcare as there will no longer be prison overcrowding 2. American citizens are safe, because prisons will no longer need to release dangerous criminals and citizens will pay less taxes towards prisons because NORA will reduce prison costs by 2. 5 billion 3. Nonviolent drug offenders will go through rehabilitation, instead of idiotically placing them into a jail cell, with no chance of improvement. B. I leave you with this final fact: Pennsylvania prisons are already overcrowded by 8% (Prison). If we do not make a change in our prison system, we will soon reach the same overcrowding as California, in which we have to start releasing dangerous prisoners into the public. If we support NORA, hopefully this will be a future that we never have to see. WORKS CITED Archibald, Randal. â€Å"California, in Financial Crisis, Opens Prison Doors. † The New York Times [New York] 23 Mar. 2010. Print. Erisman, Wendy. Learning to Reduce Recidivism: A 50-state Analysis of Postsecondary Correctional Education Policy,† Institute for Higher Education Policy, November 2005. Print. â€Å"Facts. † Yes on Proposition 5: The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act. NORA CAMPAIGN. Web. 07 Apr. 2010. . Gibbons, John J. Confronting Confinement. New York: Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons, 2006. Print. Hill, Jim. â€Å"Arizona criminals find jail too in-‘tents'â €  CNN. Cable News Network, 27 July 1999. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. . Liptak, Adam. â€Å"U. S. rison population dwarfs that of other nations. † The New York Times 23 Apr. 2008. Print. â€Å"Mandatory Minimum Sentences. † Drug Policy Alliance Network. DPA Network. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. . Moore, Solomon. â€Å"The Prison Overcrowding Fix. † The New York Times [New York] 10 Feb. 2010. Print. â€Å"Proposition 5: Nonviolent Drug Offenses, Sentencing, Parole and Rehabilitation. † Smart Voter. 04 Nov. 2008. Web. 07 Apr. 2010. . â€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Treatment, Not Jail Time, Is Answer. † Central PA Local News. Penn Live, 21 Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Apr. 2010. .

The Forest Act

INTRODUCTION the term forest is defined as an area of land with at least ten per cent (10%) of tree crown cover, naturally grown or planted and/or fifty per cent (50%) or more shrub and tree regeneration cover and includes all forest reserves of whatever kind declared or gazetted under this Act and all plantations. The Forest Ordinance of 1959, is the law which governs the Forest Law of 2002, having the objective to effect governmental control for economic gain rather than sustainable development, as the concept of environment is not been taken seriously.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FORESTS IN TANZANIA Historically the forest act can be traced back as far as 1819 to 1919 whereby the state controlled forest estate was initially established under German colonial administration who were the first colonialist in Tanzania. The German’s administrator used different methods and tactics in preserving the forest such as forcing the residences near forest or in the forest places to evacuate d those places immediately and there were no remedies present for those who violated the decree intentionally.In 1921 after the Second World War Tanganyika was placed to the British Administration. The English supervision presented the Forest Ordinance which was based on that used in adjacent Kenya colony which placed restriction on access to and use of forest products. The spirit of the British colonialists to protect the forest and its resources were also seen in the Land Ordinance whereby it introduced protected areas; forests areas being part and parcel.Soon after independence, forests in Tanzania have been managed and controlled by the Forest and Beekeeping Division under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. This management has been characterized by extensive state control which does not involve the local community forests. The forest management was due to forest degradation and deforestation through illegal activities and increase of human pressure on natural resourc es. In Tanzania a vast forest area existed for instance in the 1990’s, the forested areas were ranging from 41-42 percent.It was observed that most of the forested areas were cleared for agricultural, overgrazing, wildfires, charcoal burning and overexploitation activities. During 1961-1997 it was discovered that over 10 million hectares of forest had been lost therefore in order to prevent this loss the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism made an effort and concentrated on active participation of the local community and stake holders. In 1990 the Forest Policy came into existence by virtue of the Forest and Beekeeping Division.Currently the Forest sector in Tanzania is controlled by three parallel structures which includes The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, The Regional Secretariat and the Local Authority. NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, 1998 The Forest Policy (NFP) of 1998 in Tanzania was the result of reviewing its Forest Policy of 1953. Generally, the objective of this policy was to enhance the contribution of Forest sector to the sustainable development in Tanzania and conservation and management of her natural resources for the benefit of the present and the future generation.This means that forests have to be managed in terms of socio-economic, ecological and cultural sustainability and with the principle of multi-functionality and equitable benefit and responsibility sharing. Also the Forest Policy also recognizes the role of the private sector in management of forest resources and the policy responsibility of managing forest resources will be left in the hands of specialized agencies and the private sector, central government responsibility will be managed.The Policy promotes tools to implement different communities based management regimes, ranking from Joint Forest Management to community management (Community Based Forest Management, Village Forest Reserve). The objectives related to forest policy OTo ensure sustainable development and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of present and future generation without degrading the environment or risking health or safety. OTo present and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air which constitute our life support systems.OTo conserve and enhance our natural and man-made heritage, including the biological diversity of the unique ecosystem of Tanzania. OTo improve the condition and productivity of the degraded areas including rural and urban settlement in order that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthy, productive and aesthetical pleasing surroundings. OTo raise public awareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and to promote individual and community participation in environmental action.OTo promote international cooperation on the environment agenda, and expand our participation and contribution to relevant bilateral, sub-regional, regional and global organizations and programs, including implementatio n of conventions. OTHER OBJECTIVES The National forest policy is based on macro-economic, environment framework and social framework. In microeconomic framework has the objective, which lifts the national economy and facilitate wholesome growth, the policy has stated the following objectives: OTo combat poverty and deprivation in order to improve people’s path.OTo ensure macro-economic stability. OTo create an enabling environment for a strong private sector. O To reduce government involvement in direct productive activities. OTo improve efficiency in the use of public resources. FOREST ACT, 2002 The objectives of the Forest Act, 2002 as analyzed under the provision of Part II of the Act are: OTo promote, to enhance the contribution of the forest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.OTo encourage and facilitate the active participation of the citizen in the sustainable planning, management, use and conservation of forest resources through the development of individual and community rights, whether derived from customary law or under this Act, to use and manage forest resources; OTo ensure ecosystem stability through conservation of forest biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility; OTo delegate responsibility for management of forest resources to the lowest possible level of local management consistent with the furtherance of national policies; OTo ensure the sustainable supply of forest products and ervices by maintaining sufficient forest area under efficient, effective and economical management; OTo enhance the quality and improve the marketability of forest products and regulate their export; OTo promote coordination and cooperation between the forest sector and other agencies and bodies in the public and private sectors in respect of the management of the natural resources of Tanzania; OTo facilitate greater public awarenes s of the cultural, economic and social benefits for conserving and increasing sustainable forest cover by developing programmes in training, research and public education; OTo enable Tanzania to pay, fully in contributing towards and benefiting from international efforts and measures to protect and enhance global bio-diversity.The Act enables the State to fulfill its obligation to meet the standards determined by international instruments to enhance and protect global bio-diversity. Section 5 provides for ministerial responsibility and function of the director, where as Section 6 provides for the appointment and function of the officer. ADMINISTRATION AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OF THE FOREST ACT, 2002. THE INSTITUTIONS MECHANISM ESTABLISHED UNDER THE FOREST ACT, there are three major institutions created by the Forest Act, which are, the forestry advisory committee, Community forest management group for managing forest reserves, and Tanzania forest fund. NATIONAL FORESTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEThis is a committee established under Section 10 of the Act, and the minister appoints the committee members, who function to advise the minister on; OMatters relating to issuance of concession and conditions as provided for under Section 20(11) of this Act; OMatters relating to declaration of a forest reserve as provided under Section 23(6) of this Act; OMatters relating to the management of forest reserve as provided under Section 27(5) of this Act; review of the forest policy; and OAny other matter, which the Minister may specify. COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT GROUPS Community Forest management group may be formed by any group of persons who are members of a village living in or near to a forest or group of persons who are managing a forest or part thereof or who are desirous of managing a forest reserve or part thereof. TANZANIA FOREST FUNDThis is another institution established under the Act, which deals with financial matter, in which the funds and its resources consist of fee payable, royalty payable, grants donations and bequests, any sum realizes by the sale of forest produce and income generated by any project financed by the fund, and such funds are managed by forest fund trustee appointed by the minister. The object and purpose of the fund is to meet the objectives of the Act as analyzed in the provision of Section 3. ADMINISTRATION MECHANISMS Part III of the Forest Act provides for administrative and institutional mechanisms. To start with administration, the Act provides that there is a Minister responsible for forest matters and that the Minister is responsible for policy formulation and for ensuring execution by official in the ministry such functions connected with the implementation of this Act.Apart from that, there is a Director of the forestry who is appointed by the President and bears the function of advising the government on all matters of management of the forests. On top of that the Director is required and empowered by the Ac t to make a determination affecting or likely to affect the rights of any individuals and give reasons for the decisions. There are other Appointed Officers who have the duty to ensure the efficient, effective and economical management and supervisions of forests as directed by the Act. These officers appointed by the Director include, licensing and registration officers, enforcement officers, inspectors and all of them are answerable to the director. Furthermore, there exists a Local Authority and Forest Management Authority.Power to designate any person to be an Authorized Officer has been vested to the Director and he also has power to delegate to such public officers, a local authority officer to perform any work imposed on him by the Act. CREATION OF FOREST RESERVE The Act provides for the creation of forests reserves as analyzed under section 4, which include national forest reserves, local authority forest reserves, village forest and private forest. The Act goes further in p roviding for the guiding procedures in declaring an area to be a forest reserve under Section 23, and provision of compensation in case of claims arising out of an area, which is declared a forest reserve is provided under Section 24(1) PERMITS AND LICENSESUnder Part VI provides for specified activities to be carried in national or local authority forest reserve subject to conditions as prescribed in the permit, which is sought in respect of Section 50, and grant of permit, variation and modification of the same is provided for under Section 53, Section(s) 54 and 55, provide for Surrender of permit and Revocation or suspension of the permit. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE FOREST ACT GENERAL PRINCIPLES ORight to information, meaning that the director and all officers are required to ensure that members of the public are equally and adequately given information and guidance in connection to implementation of this Act ORight to appeal, any individual aggrieved by a decision under t his Act has a right to appeal in the High court SPECIFIC PRINCIPLESOPrinciple of local level governance, meaning that the right and duties of which villagers have to respect village land reserves and function of local authority in respect of village land forest reserve OPrinciple of prevention action, restriction on boundary vegetation, inspection of forest produce by experts, prohibition of marking by unknown persons, prohibition of export of forest produce without certification OPrinciple of restrictive measures, the Act provides for the restriction in the creation of new rights for forest reserves, were as subsection 5 of section 25, an investigation process can be allowed to enquire in a matter that has been reported to the minister or chief executive officer.OPrinciple of sustainable development, which ensures the ecosystem stability through conservation of the forest biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility and facilitating public awareness so as to increase sustainab le forest cover by developing training programmes and education, as well as sustainability in connection to harvest of forest products. OPrinciple of inter-generational equity, the Act encourages and facilitate active participation of the citizens in the sustainable planning of the environment and forest reserves through community out reach OThe Act further looks at the concept of Environmental Impact Assessment, and the provision binds both the public and private local authorities . OFFENCES AND PENALTIES The Act also provides for various offences and penalties in general. These offences have been provided for under part XI, Section 84-100.Section 84 generally provides offense relating to forest reserve which includes entrance into the forest reserve, performing any act contrary to section 26, obstruct roads path or water course, damage forest reserve, grazing of livestock shall be guilt of an offence upon conviction liable to a fine not less than thirty thousands (Tshs) and not ex ceeding one million or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment. Section 85 offences relating trees not in forest reserve. A person may be held liable for the following action felling trees, cuts trees, loops damage, remove or sell any reserved tree or any party thereof unreserved land shall be guilty of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine of not less than fifty thousands (Tshs) or imprisonment not exceeding one year or to both such fine and imprisonment.Section 86 relating to wild plants, any person without lawfully authority picks pluck takes sample any part or any way or by any way interferes with or willfully and intentionally poison damage or destroy in any way wild plants or expose for sell or purchase export or attempt to expose shall be guilt of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not less than two hundred thousand (Tshs) and not exceeding one million shilling or to imprisonment for a t erm not less than six months and not exceeding two years or to both. Section 90 provides for counterfeiting and similar offences, any person who counterfeiting alters obliterates or defaces any stamp mark, sign, license permit, certificate authority or receipt used or issued under this act shall be guilty of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not less than one million shilling and not exceeding three million or to imprisonment for not less one year and not exceeding two years or both. Section 91 on offences in connection with fires.Any person who without lawful authority lights or assists in lighting or uses rekindles or adds fuels or any fire or causes any of theses to fake place leaves an attended fires before such fire is thoroughly extinguished or fails to comply with lawfully order issued to him under and in connection with any of the provisions of part 9 of this act shall be guilt of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to affine not less than f ifty thousands(Tshs) or not exceeding one million or to imprisonment not exceeding one year or both. Where any person is convicted of an offence against this act the Court may in addition to any other penalty provided for in this Act order cancellation of the permit for period that a forest reserve manager may see fit and upon damage of forest produce will pay compensation for the same subject to ten times the amount of royalties or fees which had the action constituting the offence. STRENGTHS OF THE FOREST ACTThe Act links the central government and the local community in the whole process of preservation and protection of the forest resources in order to ensure national development and this is done through public participation in decision making in forest management as portrayed under Section 42 through the Participatory Forest Management(PFM) and the Community Base Forest Management(CBFM) which involves village and local people of forest protection. also, the Act provides for Pri vate forests in which individuals who are the holders of the right of occupancy enter into covenants on land that without previous consent of the Director. The Act also establish the administration and institutional machinery in order to protect forest resources.Also it provides for Minister responsible for forest and Director of Forest Officers who are appointees of the Director and Forest Advisory Committee and the National Plants Protection Advisory Committee. The Act provides for participation of local communities in the management of their lands and, their rights on natural resources are clearly recognized as per Section 14, 32 and 40 of the Forest Act No. 14, 2002 which provides for village land forest management plans and rights and duties of villages in respect of village land forest reserve. never the less, the Act provides for trade on forest produce through establishing procedures necessary to conduct forests trade and forest produce.This led to ensure sustainable trade o f forest produce and forest conservation and a person need to have trade permit and license of conducting trade as stipulated under the Act. Moreover, the establishment of the Tanzania Forest Fund. The fund contributes towards on the conservation of the forest resources and the main purpose is to promote awareness and to ensure development and sustainable use of forest resources through public education and training and to promote the community forestry in the whole process of development through making grants and providing advice and assistance to group of persons. WEAKNESSES OF THE ACT There are some conflicts between the Forest Act and the Village Land Act regarding the procedures for the establishment of Village Forest Reserve.Section 32(2) and 33 of the Village Land Act provide for procedures such as application to the village council, signed by the party applying for the derivative right or his duly appointed agent or representative; accompanied by simple plan showing the loca tion and boundaries of the land and any other information which may be prescribed or which may be required by the village council, accompanied by any fees which may be prescribed; notified to the members of the village by any means of publicity which will bring the matter to their attention; whereas the Forest Act provide for concepts like private forests which includes forestry dedication covenants, application for concession, use of land as private forest land and concession. Also concepts such as forest reserves other than village and community forest reserve, village land forest reserves and community forest reserves which all provide for various procedures for each where in village land act it provides for the general procedures.Section 98 0f the Act provide that no matter or thing done by any authorized officer to perform any function under the Act, shall, if done in good faith in execution or purported execution of his function under this Act, render him personally liable for the matter or thing concerned. This means that the act did not provide protection to an individual member of the society rather it’s only the official who is protected. Also same section of the same act provide that any person is liable for any offence against the act but do not provide the meaning of any person and that makes authorities to become people who will be liable for any offence which will have unnecessary immunity. The director of the forestry has been vested with so much power which can make him abuse the power.Section 5(2) to (4) provide that director of the forest is appointed by the president whom will become an officer of public service, the director is to advise the government on all matters of management of forests and also to give reason to the person who is affected by the decisions of the director. Then if the director is the one to advice the government on matters relating to the forest then can give decisions which will be more favorable to the author ities and desire of the government regardless of what is really needed in forest development. The Forest Act empowered only the high court to have jurisdiction over the matters pertaining forest protection. ith the high court having the powers itself then there are some situations which people who affected by the acts done to the forest fail to submit their complaints to the court since they have no access to it. In Tanzania most regions have only one court; for instance in Iringa all district like Mafinga and Mufindi depends on the high court which is at Iringa municipal; With this regards then access to justice fails. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS it is our recommendation that the law to relating to protection of the forest be modified so as to fit with the corent society were there defforestation of the lands is of great extend all over the world and Tanzania in Particular by imposing heavier punishment to those who harm the forests for the benefit of the current and coming gener ation.