Global Response to Failed States

Worldwide Response to Failed States Presentation As per Max Weber, a cutting edge working satiate is a foundation guaranteeing a â€Å"monopoly of authentic utilization of physical power in authorizing its request inside a given territory† (Garner, Robert, Peter Ferdinand, and Stephanie Lawson, 2009, 27). In this manner, a state, in expansive terms, is an element that can bolster itself using authenticity to implement its standard and to give its populace the satisfactory â€Å"public† merchandise. In view of the meaning of a solid express, a powerless or bombed state is a political being that, inside the extent of worldwide legislative issues, supplies the state with both panic characteristics and amounts of political â€Å"public† products and at the same time, no longer has plentiful command over viciousness inside their given limits. Bombed states can't give fundamental rights or needs, for example, instruction, security, or administration. (Helman and Ratner, 1992) Often this inability to give the establis hments is brought about by viciousness or neediness in specific zones of the state. These basically and politically delicate establishments of government can cause inward and outside issues. Inside, these legislatures are so powerless or ineffectual that they have almost no influence over most of their domains just as the absence of arrangement of â€Å"public† merchandise, prompting common wars, uprisings, and full on fighting among isolated groups inside the state. Globally, these zones can be both the reason and aftereffect of far reaching defilement and culpability, displaced people and automatic development of populaces, sharp monetary decrease, and the capability of national security issues through the danger of psychological militants and worldwide hoodlums. Nonetheless, the outer dangers originate from the state as well as from untouchables also. Once in a while, bunches like the United Nations or a flanking state step into intercede and stop a debacle really taking s hape (Langford, 1999). In spite of the fact that the expectation isn't to hurt the states, these global forces can likewise be the reason for the issue. This paper investigates the reasons that current reactions are ineffectual and how worldwide forces could more readily react to bombed states in that it is obviously better for them to be made into a non-state society as opposed to have them become an express that is continued by universal mediation alone. The current reaction of worldwide superpowers to the issue of bombed states depends on a supposition that the state being referred to was once really a state, and can turn into a working substance once more. Inside the range of the legitimacy of these states comes the subject of sway. Indeed, even solid states face difficulties from outside and within their fringes, yet these bombed states have no sway at all since they can't control their ability or self-sufficiency. Their position is addressed and they expect backing to stay pra ctical and it comes to address whether the states really had any sway in the first place. Because of this, the endeavor of global world forces to change the bombed state once again into an effective state through utilization of universal assets and endeavors with the presumption that they will have the option to work without worldwide help is a pitiful counter to the issue. Authenticity The degree of a bombed state is estimated by the degree to which the states are defenseless to any type of difficulties to its authenticity, regardless of whether inner or outer. In light of shared information on values that characterize a state, authenticity is the affirmation that a state has, or is accepted to reserve, a privilege to lead whether legitimately or ethically. Ever, a state existed was viewed as genuine on the off chance that it existed. In view of this definition, most states met the conventional necessities of statehood. As said by Weber, the first attributes of a state was having the ability to act universally and to keep up a restraining infrastructure of power inside their regions, however it was not constrained to simply that. A state was additionally to have characterized outskirts, an administration, and a lasting populace. In spite of the fact that these are the models required to have statehood, most states gain their freedom without at least one of these st andards. These states are as yet perceived by the worldwide network as state on-screen characters despite the fact that they couldn't completely meet the prerequisites that were set before them, including a level of their populace ignoring both power and authenticity of the state itself. The state was ventured to be the main power, in spite of whether the individuals trusted it to be real. Basically, the suspicion of authenticity applied to all states by the way that all states recorded by the United Nations were accepted to be genuine. These delicate states have added to a fantastically scattered world. In this world, battles and viciousness are key players. Talk has made possibilities for states that are all the more remarkable to press the force held inside their district. It is conceivable that the force extends much further and these domineering states start to misuse the frail states so as to frame new kinds of alliances, associations, and associations between various on-screen characters, both state and non-state, just as a plenty of tricky difficulties which they should battle to battle for their future. Similarly as talk makes risks, missing or declining authenticity likewise makes reasons for issues. When the authenticity of a state has been raised doubt about, there is a scramble for gatherings, developments, and other state substances to battle about which gathering will fill the void. So as to assume responsibility for the state and subvert its authenticity, these state elements apply their capacity in both fierce and peaceful ways. In most of delicate states in the advanced world, these fights are being lost to different entertainers in light of the fact that the debilitated governments don't have the ability to give the security and center capacities that different on-screen characters can promptly give (Krasner, Stephen D., and Carlos Pascual, 2005). When these states have gone into this contention, the securities benefits inside the state, for example, those serving to keep the harmony, have either quit working or have stopped to exist through and through. In different cases notwithstanding, these administrations are being used for activities that they were never expected to be utilized for (Rotberg, 2002). Worldwide Responses These endeavors to remanufacture the bombed states are plainly framed on political and financial perspectives on the Western superpowers. The two basic zones of bombed states, as indicated by the previously mentioned gathering, are the inability to give political products and the lack of ability to meet the plain financial fundamentals of the individuals. These hegemons look for in this way to shape and improve the state’s institutional ability to react to disappointment. The monetary components of modifying bombed states place an accentuation on this ability to manufacture certain organizations, however the points are totally unique and originated from a different viewpoint. While political endeavors to revamp states centers around reinforcing state establishments, for example, the administration, peacekeeping powers, the reestablish of rule of law, and the arrangement of security, the monetary endeavors attempt to lessen the administration power by discharging the economy an d liberating the market administrations. As a rule, the measures recommended by the gatherings engaged with the endeavors to end state delicacy or disappointments fluctuate in run that it aggregates a fairly huge rundown of action items. The assignments revolve around monetary, political, and security based things. Be that as it may, the issue is that this undertaking list runs off the presumption that these bombed states can really be resuscitated by revamping them. The state in a confined domain, as chose by Western arrangement producers and researchers, is the foundation of the issue. Be that as it may, they additionally consider it to be the source to take care of the issue. Be that as it may, the mistake with the assessment of the West is that it ignores the issues of relationship just as any political or financial communications (Garner, Robert, Peter Ferdinand, and Stephanie Lawson, 2009, 432). Efficient endeavors have been missing to examine state delicacy and disappointment as far as interconnections and linkages between the West and these bombed states. What drives the state building process in these regions is the possessing power and their political belief systems, values, financial interests and vital recognitions. These depend on imperfect counts and wrong strategy needs. Elective Methods A few approach proposals could prove to be useful when managing these issues. To begin with, rather than concentrating on state working along the Western lines, there ought to be an improvement of country building. The possibility of national personality isn't simply feeling causing the populace to feel like residents. It requires the association of all the different things that make up society, for example, ethnic foundation, social convention, and the various sorts of social or political perspectives. These things should be coordinated into the general public since they are the elements that make up the individuals who really make the country. In times when there is no solidarity in a bombed state, it is difficult to feel like a real resident, in this manner there is no craving for the state to become typical once more. In the pains of the conflicts between the gatherings who feel estranged, state establishments can’t keep creating. These gatherings, in spite of the way that the establishments are intended to improve the political and financial capacities and creation of merchandise, will in the long run dismiss the organizations since they don't do anything for everyone on the grounds that their advancement has stopped. Any endeavors to really remake the country into any type of usefulness is plainly missing because of the inner nonattendance of solidarity (King, Gary, and Langche Zeng, 2001). Similarly as significant is the reason for the need of a local monetary base for the bombed states. There shoul

Help With Essay Writing - Useful Tips

Help With Essay Writing - Useful TipsMany people today will need help with essay writing. This article will provide some tips and information about how to write an essay without the use of a dictionary.One can easily find all the information needed about various subjects within the walls of a college or university. One can find on-line resources that have articles on subjects of history, science, literature, etc. These resources will be of great assistance for those who are looking for essay assistance.There are several tips that one can find online that will help them write essays without having to hire a professional to do it for them. The most important tip is to be precise in all of your writing.Being precise means that you should be able to avoid using unnecessary words and phrases. The words used should be carefully chosen. If the articles do not have to be written by an English major, then it is possible for one to write as much as they would like.Another important tip for the writer who is new to writing essays is to consider their audience. It is possible to write an essay for high school students while others may need help with essay help for college level courses. The choice of subject matter is another factor that has to be considered.One can find several professional writers that can help with essay writing but, many people do not need help with essay writing because they already know how to write. It is possible to write an essay without the help of a writer but, it will be more difficult than one would think.There are many techniques that will be necessary for the writer to achieve success with essay writing. This article will give an overview of the different essay writing strategies. For those that are looking for a little more help with essay writing, they can learn more about the techniques found here.Essay help can be had on the internet or in a college or university library. In addition, there are plenty of books on this topic available on the bookstore shelves. Students are fortunate in that there are many resources available to them to help them in learning how to write an essay.

How To Write the Common App Essay TKG

How To Write the Common App Essay So, your application is finally starting to come together but the essay is still hanging over your head. Writing a common app essay can seem daunting, especially at first. The goal is to zero in on a fresh topic--to add an additional piece of information--that gives admissions officers an idea of who you are and what differentiates you from the rest of the applicants.Let’s start with the hardest truths:Do not reiterate information included in the rest of your application.Avoid cliches at all costs.Be authentic.Here’s how to get started.SHOW, DON’T TELLWhen you watch a movie and fall in love with a character, is it because they came on screen and said, “Hi, I am empathetic, generous, and give my leftovers to the homeless?” Probably not. It’s more likely that you saw them in situations and attributed those qualities to them on your own. Watching the character wrap up leftovers from his family barbecue and drop them off to a homeless man on his way home shows the viewer thes e qualities.This is called the show don’t tell method and you’ll need to use it in your common app essay. It’s a way to bring the story to life and invite readers into the experience with actions, details, and feelings. Remember, we’re only working with 650 words here, so free yourself from the idea that you need to paint a complete picture. Sticking with the movie metaphor, it’s just a scene.So, what *exactly* should I show them?BRAINSTORMING 101Think of the essay as an opportunity to share a glimpse into your life, and brainstorm sessions as a way to zero in on a kind of anecdote that showcases who you are as a person.This is the really important part - brainstorming should be fun. Try it without your computer or phone. A few ideas to get you started:Look through old photographs. What memories do they evoke?What does a typical morning look like for you?What makes you angry?Why is it that you always make it home for family dinner?Remember: you want to settle on one specif ic characteristic. Ask yourself anything that might help get you there.Consider yourself an extrovert? It might help to make brainstorming a more social activity. You’ll need to do the writing work yourself but there’s nothing wrong with asking your people a few questions to get the process started. It’s what we do at TKG. There’s a good chance you’re overlooking the most special things. Ask your friends to describe you in 3-5 adjectives. And then ask them why they chose those adjectives.If the idea of asking your loved ones to describe you in 3-5 words makes you want to run for the hills, know that there’s another way. Brainstorming can also be introspective. Ask yourself a few questions. Why do you think your friends hang out with you? Think about the last five people that called you. What do your friends typically come to you for? There’s great value in understanding what others rely on you for. You might even find a starting point for conversation once you look at what you’ve written down.At this point, you might start to recognize some patterns. Not everyone has had the opportunity to volunteer, play team sports, or travel the world during summer break. But that’s not what we’re going for in the essay regardless. We’re trying to get at what makes you you and who you are beyond the extracurriculars and grades.DECIDE ON THE CHARACTERISTIC YOU WANT TO SHOW:The brainstorming process should have helped you identify a list of qualities you might want to focus on. Pick one. Go back to your notes, go back to your friends. Ask yourself why you’re picking this specific characteristic and make sure it makes the most sense.CREATE A STORY THAT SHOWCASES THAT CHARACTERISTIC:Remember your generous and thoughtful movie crush from before? That’s because we saw him in action. What story best exemplifies how (insert adjective here) you are? There should be more than one. The story, or scene, you’ll write about must have a beginning, middle,  and end - it’s not a list of unrelated memories strung together.WRITE YOUR STORY IN FREEFORMThe first draft can be really fun. At this stage, you want to write freely. Get as many details on paper as possible. Write down everything you remember. In doubt? Type it out. You can (and will) always scale things back, but the goal here is to start with as much information as possible. Forget about length, structure, and perfect grammar. Take a look at some of our favorite ideas here.This process might take a little longer, but you’ll eventually narrow it down to a more authentic portrait of yourself. If you have to force yourself to think of three reasons as to why you’re disciplined, you might not consider yourself to be disciplined even though your peers do. We want to find a characteristic that resonates deeply with you.There’s nothing worse than staring at a blank screen without a single idea in mind, so slow down and give yourself the time it takes to brainstorm so you can confid ently start writing your essay.Want to talk about your ideas? So do we.

How Policies And Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation...

1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. This assignment will explain the role of policies and procedures in helping children, young people and their families. Policies and procedures are set of guidelines and rules put in place by the government to ensure the safety of children and young people while they are in care. It is important that anyone working with children and young people is fully aware of policies and procedures put in place in their setting and also aware of their role in implementing these policies and procedures. Policies and procedures definite what an organisation does and how they do it in order to provide a safe environment for children and young people during their time in care. Every Child Matters 2003 consider the wellbeing of children and young people from birth to the age of 19. The law has five principles that provide a safe environment for children and young people while they are in care. The five outcomes ensure children’s and young people’s needs are met and have the support they need to be healthy: to be safe, to enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. The law ensures that every child is mentally, emotionally and physically fit and obtaining the care that meets their needs. For example, in children’s residential home children will be encourage to eat a healthy balance diet. By providing aShow MoreRelated1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.672 Words   |  3 Pages1.1 outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK home nation affecting the safe guarding of children and young people. 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The children’s act (2004) is the piece of legislation that outlines the national framework for delivering children’s servicesRead MoreGuidelines, Policies And Procedures Within Own Uk Home Affecting The Safeguarding Of Children And Young People2400 Words   |  10 Pagesa brief outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child 1989 is legislation that exists but does not form part of English law. Although it is not English law Governments have said that they are bound by this convention. Its purpose is to ensure children are kept safe and looked after. Children have the right to be protected from violence, neglect

Investigating The Nature Of Obedience - 1683 Words

Investigating the Nature of Obedience: The Relevance of Milgram’s Experiment Stanley Milgram managed to conduct several experiments that reveal the distinct features of the members of our society. He questioned how millions of ordinary people in Germany could obey the immoral commands of the Nazi government and conducted the experiment exploring the mechanisms of human obedience to authorities. Though Milgram’s experiment has provoked a huge amount of criticism, the analysis of internal and external validity, ethical issues, and the contribution of the experiment to modern science reveals the significance of the findings of the study. The experiment was designed to find out to which extent ordinary people are ready to hurt other innocent†¦show more content†¦After using Yale undergraduates as the subjects of the study, the author was condemned for lack of objectivity in the experiment, as this category of people share similar features, including high competitiveness and aggressiveness aimed at achieving success. Therefore, Miller changed the strategy and selected the participants who were representatives of different social groups, including â€Å"professionals, white-collar workers, unemployed persons, and industrial workers† (Miller 362). It let the researcher make conclusions that reflect the disposition peculiar to all members of the society. Besides, Miller conducted the same experiment in different regions (Princeton, Munich, Rome, South Africa, and Australia), where the participants included people of different nations and religions. Such strategy makes the results of the experiment relevant to any country. Baumrind claimed that as the experiment was held in the laboratory, the atmosphere of the place created certain pressure on the subjects because of the unfamiliarity with the setting (372). The psychologist emphasized that â€Å"the anxiety and passivity generated by the setting† contributed to the participants’ inclination to â€Å"behave in an obedient suggestible way† (Baumrind 372). However, Milgram has conducted another experiment by renting a place in Bridgeport and presenting it as a commercial organization. The results of the study did not show much

Gender Roles Throughout History Essay - 2281 Words

Part one Gender roles of diverse cultures have differed immensely throughout history. The evolution of gender roles first began in the Paleolithic Age and then began to transform with the transformation of the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age. Women in Mesopotamia, India, Greece, China, and Rome were not treated as equals and viewed as inferior to men. Cultures like Egypt and Persia had similar laws for women and treated them with more respect out of any of the other cultures. The Paleolithic Age was responsible for the introductions of many vital aspects of our world today such as, technology, agriculture, and gender roles. The Paleolithic culture was based on a hunter and gatherer society, which had a great influence†¦show more content†¦This led to justifying male domination over females in the Mesopotamian society. 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Although Pharaohs were normally men, certain circumstances allowed for women to hold the same title. The Egyptians believed that marriage and family were very important aspects in life. They believed that unconditio nal love and kindness were vital in a marriage and thought that husband and wife should always treat each other with respect. In regards to family, unlike many cultures that viewed children as another mouth toShow MoreRelatedWomens Gender Roles Throughout History584 Words   |  2 Pagesworsened over time. The world has mostly consisted of patriarchal institutions since then and has oppressed women in the sense that they are less than men in status and civility. Because of this women are forced to take on specific roles in society, many of those roles being; taking care of the homestead, children and being dainty and quiet. â€Å"A son in all sorts of trouble finally seeks out his father for advice during a particularly bad crisis. 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Women have always rebelled against their traditional role in society. An illustration of this is how women have succeeded in a male dominated field such as science. We today have evolved greatly socially from the periods of ancientRead MoreGender Roles Throughout History : Susan Glaspell s Trifles Essay1939 Words   |  8 PagesGender roles throughout history have been portrayed in many works of literature. We imagine that in 2016 our world would be at its absolute best regarding the roles of women considering we just had our first woman from a major party run for the highest office in the nation. Unfortunately, we still seem to have a way to go. Oscar Wilde said, Women have a much better time than men in this world; there are far more things forbidden to them. 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Three Methods for Teaching and Evaluating Writing free essay sample

A study was conducted to determine whether or not there were significant differences in student performance based on three methods of teaching and evaluating writing.   These methods are faculty review, group review, and Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) via an internet software program, which were randomly assigned to classes whose students were given pretests, treatments and posttests involving four different situations, i.e., direct request, goodwill, negative, and persuasive. Under the faculty review method, thorough and precise comments proved useful for pointing out specific problems, explaining them and making suggestions for their resolution (Plutsky Wilson, 2004). However, this may entail a lot of time, so some faculty opt to use peer review instead.   Peer reviews conducted with students writing in collaboration with each other tended to enhance students’ writing skills and ability for critical thinking (Plutsky Wilson, 2004).   The subjectivity of individual opinions can be tapered or even eliminated by imposing guidelines and criteria to establish uniformity and reliability. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Methods for Teaching and Evaluating Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The specific methodology described above was used on a group of students of the subject Analysis of Communication for Business, which produced varying results.   Under the faculty review method, students scored higher on all four situations (Plutsky Wilson, 2004), perhaps because the students treated the work more seriously because it was assigned by a teacher.   Students under the group review method got higher marks than those under CPR, except with respect to the goodwill message (Plutsky Wilson, 2004), probably because students had no opportunity for discussion under the latter and thus had their own understanding of the issues involved.    In general, however, while results varied in certain respects, they showed that any of the three methods would be effective in teaching students writing proficiency. Reference List: Plutsky, S., and Wilson, B.A. (2004). Comparison of three methods for teaching and evaluating writing: a quasi-expermiental study. The Delta Phi Epsilon Journal, 46 (

The Slave Trade free essay sample

This is a way of thought that we are taught as soon as we are deemed old enough to understand it. Slavery is an idea that is almost as old as the human race and, considering that, we have only moved away from it recently. It took the cruelty and mistreatment of more than 10 million Africans to finally make people realize that what they were doing was terrible, and that human beings should be treated with a certain level of respect and kindness. Right when Slavery was becoming a controversial practice there were two men who wrote regarding the matter: Omaha GuardBasque, who experienced slavery first-hand, and Robert Walsh, who dealt with slavery from the side Of opposition. Both Of their accounts paint a terrible picture of the slave trade, the focus of both being on the inhumane treatment of the enslaved. Basque was captured and experienced slavery first hand, so his account shows how deplorable the slave trade was. We will write a custom essay sample on The Slave Trade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Basque tells of his journey from his home to the coast of Africa which, though eventful and unpleasant, is nothing compared to the sea voyage.It was during the voyage that the real horror of the slave trade was brought to life, both physically and mentally: Pity the poor African, who has been trepanned and sold away from friends and home, and consigned to the hold of a slave ship, to await even more horrors and miseries in a distant land.. . Babushkas words really tell of the sorrow that slaves felt, being ripped away from their home and destined to a strange land full of people who will treat them as objects to be bartered for, traded, and eventually discarded.The conditions aboard such slave ships were abysmal. The slaves were treated worse than livestock: being crammed into incredibly tight spaces, given very little water, and were only allowed to lean themselves twice over the course of the entire journey. The hold was so low that we could not stand up the loathsomeness and filth of that horrible place will never be effaced from my memory we suffered very much for want of water As the slaves made their way to the Americas they are denied food, water, and rest, turning the trip into what could be described as a living hell.Babushkas biography shows that the mistreatment of the slaves is what he believed to be the worst part of the slave trade. Robert Walsh was stationed on a ship that was hunting for slave ships, and hen they capture one he describes the conditions they found to be awful. Once onboard, Walsh notices immediately that the slaves are being treated poorly and, as with Basque, of an equal or worse quality than livestock: As they belonged to, and were shipped on account of different individuals, they were all branded, like sheep, with the owners marks The slaves that Walsh finds are branded, another indicator that they are only property, and not considered to be anything more. If anything, the conditions in the ship that Walsh boarded appear to be worse than that of the ship Basque was rapped in: some were greatly emaciated, and some, particularly children, seemed dying packed up and wedged together in low cells, three feet high shut out from light or air Even at its best, the slave mortality rate during their journey was only a little under 1 0%, this being due to mistreatment and the terrible conditions in which they were forces to reside.It is obvious that both Basque and Walsh noticed and were appalled by the neglect of basic human rights for the slaves. In both accounts, the focus points towards the terrible treatment of the Africans. Basque and Walsh can both agree that the slave trades worst specs is how the slaves are mistreated, often to death. With clear looks into slavery such is these circulating during that point in time, its no surprise that the slave trade was soon outlawed.

Catcher in the Rye Alienation essays

Catcher in the Rye Alienation essays In the book, Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caufield, the main character is a negatively charged person, doesn't want himself or others around him to grow up, and suffers from depression because of his brothers death. This is obviously Holden's way of alienating the entire world and delaying the consequences of facing reality. Alienation is a big theme in Catcher In The Rye, and something that Holden Holden Caufield is a negatively charged character as expressed on the first page of the book before Holden tells his opinion about his childhood. He says, "If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like..." (Pg. 1) Holden shows here that he was negative and depressed even in his childhood years which is mainly due to his brother, Allie's death. Holden's alienation toward the world is what causes these unwanted character traits of Holden's. Holden is also a hostile character who attributes his negativity to block out others around him, and to delay the fact that he indeed will have to face reality sometime. Holden's pattern of speech, the constant expression of negativity, is a character trait Holden possesses that shows the inner pain he feels. Holden truly shows that he does not want to grow up and he does not want other children to grow up either. Holden believes that all adults are phonies, like Principal Thurmer. Holden hates phonies and that's why he doesn't want children to grow up, do they won't become phonies. Holden's hatred towards adults is due to his brother's death. Holden probably somewhat blames his parents for not stopping his younger brother's death. Holden alienated phonies or adults because of this. Holden believes that he cannot depend on ...

Criminal Justice Career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice Career - Essay Example Ensuring that I attain high marks in my final year at UCF remains one of the most important things to me to achieve my objective of becoming a Special Agent in future. The courses I pursue at UCF will leverage my selection as an FBI Special Agent because FBI recruits on the grounds of certain critical skills, which I have so far covered in my university coursework. FBI requires all Special Agent position applicants to first qualify for one of their entry program, which include accounting, language, law, diversified and computer science or information technology. A Special Agent, often referred to as a criminal investigator or detective, gathers facts and assemble evidence pertaining to the intent of ascertaining whether violations of local, or federal laws has occurred in connection to a case in question. No archetypal day exists for an FBI Special Agent because each day has its unique course. Today, an Agent may be testifying against a criminal in a federal court and the following m orning he may be engaged in collecting evidence from the field, making arrests, contacting an informant or doing some paperwork among other activities. There are numerous types of crimes such as Intelligence, Criminal, Counterintelligence, and Counterterrorism among others. As such, an individual aspiring to be an FBI Special Agent may choose which one to specialize in. Special Agents are usually employed full-time and it is very rare to find part-time employment opportunities in this field. Those who have been in the field with vast experience usually get favorable working hours than new recruits who are usually assigned night duties and even weekends as well as holidays. The profession is highly risky, especially because Special Agents deal with criminals who may attack them in one way or another causing bodily harm and even death in extreme cases. Therefore, it is usually imperative to follow recommended procedures when working in order to reduce risk exposure. Special Agent job is a physical and stressful. You are always oblivious of what dangers you might encounter in the line of duty. Nevertheless, Special Agents are trained on how to handle such occurrences, which makes them fit to creatively deal with any situation. In order to become a Special Agent, many people usually serve as police officers before joining the Criminal Investigation Division (CID) as Special Agents. The minimum education requirement for the job is a high school diploma with some law enforcement agencies requiring college or degree certificates, for example, an FBI Special Agent must possess a degree coupled with at least three years work experience. An applicant for the position of a Special Agent must be 23 years old, but less than 37 years. Passing physical test as well as background assessment, including polygraph, is mandatory for one to qualify for the job of a Special Agent. After recruitment process, the selected individuals are taken to a training academy, which could be re gional or agency-owned. One then commences his or her on-the-job training after graduation from the academy. Besides educational requirements, one must have good problem-solving skills, good judgment as well as excellent communication skills. Good communication skill is essential in interacting with peers as well as suspects (U.S. Department of Justice, n.d). One

Dred Scott v.s. Sanford 1856 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dred Scott v.s. Sanford 1856 - Essay Example Dred Scott v. Sanford was a case in which Dred Scott a slave born in Virginia between 1795 and 1800 sues an heir of the estate which owned him for freedom for himself, his wife, and children (Library of Congress n. p.). Purchased by John Emerson a major in the United States Army, as â€Å"chattel† or â€Å"personal property† Scott accompanied and traveled with Emerson extensively. However not all the states in the Union recognized and allowed slavery at that time; several states outlawed the practice of slavery passing ordinances and laws prohibiting its practice within their territorial boundaries (Library of Congress n. p.). One such state was Missouri, the â€Å"Missouri Compromise of 1820† forbid the importation of slaves within their territory and ultimately had a provision for the emancipation of slaves born in Missouri (Moore and Brown n. p.). With the passing of the bill by the House of Representatives in 1819, but failing to be ratified by the Senate the bill incited angry discussions between and within the northern and southern states. With Missouri identified as a, â€Å"free state† there was unequal representation, therefore the states condoning slavery found themselves at a disadvantage when it came to voting power. Over a 12 year period Emerson relocated his family and slaves throughout various regions of the United States settling in free and slave states (Library of Congress n. p.).

Role of Popular Music in Transforming Conflict

Role of Popular Music in Transforming Conflict Abstract Can popular music play a role in conflict transformation and peacebuilding? This kind of question has started to generate a great deal of debate for peacebuilding scholars and pracitioners.   Most of the recent works have focused on the role of art as a whole without looking at particular form of art or particular genre within one form of art like music and assessing its contributions to creating a peaceful society. This paper is an attempt to show only the role popular music can play. It based on a research undertaken in Gulu town in northern Uganda. Findings show that music is playing a supporting role which is either little known or less recognized. In this paper, I argue that popular music is playing a significant role. I discuss how popular music is contributing and fostering conditions of conflict transformation and peacebuilding while relying on document analysis, examinations of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“peace musicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? lyrics, field interviews and focus group discussion with the government officials, formerly LRA soldiers, musicians and the civilian population. A. Background to Northern Uganda conflict Northern Uganda has been in conflict for over two decades. This conflict is between the government of Uganda (GoU) and the Lordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Resistance Army (LRA).The conflict is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rooted in a popular rebellion against the President Yoweri Musevenià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s government.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[2] but when she was defeated in 1987, Joseph Kony took over the mantle of leadership. He transformed the HSM into the LRA and with support of the Government of Sudan in Khartoum; the LRA have been able to cause destruction on the civilian population in northern Uganda. The causes of the conflict are rooted in historical and immediate factors. These includes: The British colonial legacy which divided the north and south. Failure of the President Museveni to honor peace accord he signed in Nairobi in 1985 and finally the NRA violence inflicted on the Acholi when Museveni took over[3]. Since 1993, there have been numerous peace talksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ efforts to end the conflict but all failed to bring a lasting peace because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lack of firm political will behind a negotiation strategy and the LRAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s turn to Sudan for arms re-supplies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[7] The most recent attempt to end the conflict has been the Juba Peace Talks in 2006. This peace talks was held in Juba, the capital of South Sudan and it was mediated by Dr. Riek Machar, Sudanese vice president assisted by UN Special Envoy Joachim Chissano. In this peace talks, all four items of the agenda were signed[8]. But the final peace agreement has not been signed. The notorious leader of the LRA refused to sign the final peace agreement thus throwing the peace process in doubt. This led to a military offensive on LRA by the three countries: Uganda, Sudan and DRC and means the collapse of the peace talks. Peace building initiatives? Currently in northern Uganda, there is relative peace because the LRA have been weakened by the combined military offensive of the three nations. Many civilian populations in the 53 camps in northern Uganda are returning to their villages to rebuild their lives. Both the government and nongovernmental organizations are putting infrastructures: schools, roads and health centers to assist the former victims of conflicts resettle. But there are mixed feeling among the population whether they will have a lasting peace or not since not final peace agreement has been signed by the conflict parties. One of the key issues in northern Uganda during this transition is how to ensure victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ justice but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Most prioritize peace over justice and show signs of reluctance countenance question of accountability.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[10] Since 2005, GoU through the Amnesty Commission have been working to resettle many LRA the ex-combatants and supported communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approaches to local methods for forgiveness, peacebuilding and reconciliation. B. Background to role of Music in Acoli society In Acoli society, music occupies a central place. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Music is the lifeblood of the society.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[15] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Musicians and dancers were highly valued and admired for their skill and their ability to entertain.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[20]. Music in Acoli was mainly by an individual or a group singing and playing musical instrument like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lokeme (thumb piano), ajar, a metal percussion instrument, and sometimes the smaller drums (bul).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[22] Rise of Popular Peace Music in Northern Uganda As the war in northern Uganda escalated, this was a proof that the conflicting parties had failed to resolve their grievances. There was total breakdown in communication between the parties. This resulted into lack of confidence and understanding of each party.[24]. This music is produced in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“modernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? studios across northern Uganda. Voices are produced on computer aided beats. There is wide use of modern musical instruments in the music. The lyrics are directed to the government, LRA and occasionally to the civilian population in northern Uganda, other parts of Uganda and the diasporas and international community. As many as 70-100 peace songs are produced annually[29]. C. Literature Review In the last decade, there have been some attempts to show that music can be used in peacebuilding.[32] The shortage of literature on the impact of music for conflict transformation and peacebuilding remains is a serious concern because stakeholders are constrained from making an informed decision on music can function as a tool of conflict transformation and peacebuilding. Perhaps the most groundbreaking work on music and peacebuilding to date is: Music and Conflict Transformation: Harmonies and Dissonances in Geopolitics.[35] Additionally, June Boyce illustrates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“several models useful when considering the link between music and peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and finally Johan Galtung reveals how music can be used for peace. He investigates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the uplifting and uniting power music.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Ledarachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Moral Imagination: the Art and Soul of Peacebuilding[36], empathizes use of creativity in peacebuilding. He used a number of examples to support his arguments about art and peacebuilding. Finally, Lisa Schirchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Ritual and Symbols in Peacebuilding also supports the view of creativity in peacebuilding.[39] There are some articles which show the prospect of using music in peacebuilding. Michael Shank and Lisa Schirch,[42] Their analysis justifies the role of art while at the same time it is useful for informing peacebuilders on what kind of art to employ and at what stage of conflict. Lesley Pruitt explores how music can contribute to positive peace[44] She adds that music and dance can lead to development of new identity by both the artists and audience and it is this new identity can help in process of dialogue. Therefore, artists through their music can act as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mediatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? because they create new identities and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s this new identity that can foster dialogue between the conflicting parties. Additionally, Alba Sanfeliu[45] discusses the role of music in peacebuilding. She remarks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Music is an eloquent language that allows us to express what is happening around us in many senses, and to reflect the times and the situation in which we live. It is inseparable from our social, political, economic and cultural reality.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? She adds that music is also a form of communication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lyrics strengthen the message that the author wants to express, emphasizing the sense of the song.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Mores specially she touches on role of popular music and states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“many singers and groups have composed songs with themes related to peace, personally becoming involved by giving concerts in solidarity with various social causes and making their music into a kind of spokesman and instrument for peace.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? She concludes by arguing for further exploration of music as a tool for conflict transformation. Finally, In conclusion, the reviewed works provide interesting insights into the role of art in general on conflict transformation and peacebuilding but there are not sufficient enough in explaining how specific genre like music and in particular, popular music contributes to conflict transformation and peacebuilding. To begin with, most of the studies done on role of music were based on document reviews and this makes it very difficult to reflect the true situation on the ground. Additionally, the reviewed works widely focus on art or music as a whole. None focuses on popular music. Finally, these studies were based on realities in different parts of the world some of which are significantly different from those in northern Uganda. This study attempts to show the impact of popular music on the conflicting parties in northern Uganda and how this has helped in conflict transformation and peacebuilding in northern Uganda. D. Purpose and Methods of the Study Research was carried out in Gulu Municipality and 2 internally displaced persons (IDP) camps of Amuru and Odek[49]. In all the three locations[51]. Interview guides were open-ended and gave respondents opportunity to speak out his/her mind. This was preferred in order to get more information about knowledge, attitudes and opinions of people about the role popular music in peacebuilding. There were 5 focus group discussions with 30 people (23 were former LRA soldiers and five female) to understand peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective about the role popular music can or has played in peacebuilding[52]. The discussions were freely moderated by the researcher and every participant freely expressed their views during the discussions. Finally, all accessible relevant literatures on the topic were reviewed. These data were got from various libraries including Gulu University, Human Rights Focus, Gulu Public Library and Hesburgh library. E. Impact of Music in Northern Uganda Music and conflict has have long been connected but the role music can play in conflict transformation and peacebuilding have not long been studied although there are new and emerging work in the field[53]. Therefore, to assert that music can transform conflict and promote peacebuilding may be an exaggeration but also failure to recognize the role that music can play in conflict transformation and peacebuilding would again be an understatement facts. From results of focus group discussions and interviews with government officials in Northern Uganda, one can argue that music is playing a supporting role to the conflict transformation and peacebuilding in northern Uganda. Popular music is contributing by: Reaching the government leaders with messages to engage in the peace process, recognizing the government efforts while demanding for a speedy end to peace process, portraying the government failures through comparison of the Acoli society before and after the war thus making the government leaders to work for amendments and finally popular music has become a tool of communication that is now a constant reminder for government about its obligations for peace. a. Government In northern Uganda, popular music is being used to reach both government leaders to engage in peaceful resolution of the conflict. This has been carefully done through name dropping[58]. The impact of name dropping is found to create pressure on some leaders to use their positions to engage in peace process with the LRA because musicians represent the voice of the people. This makes the leaders reach out to the president asking for peaceful engagements with the LRA. According to one government leader: Northern Uganda is a small region. Each time musicians call my name in their songs, I feel I compelled to work for peace. The songs communicate to me personally. It appeals to me in a special way. It portrays me as a leader who can do something for my people. This creates the motivations for me to work for peace. To me, a voice of one musician is a voice of the people suffering in the internally displaced peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s camps[59] Therefore, name dropping has been an effective way of pushing some of the leaders to work for their people. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is a push factor for the leaders. It asks nothing from them but to use their position for the sake of the suffering people.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[60] Name dropping has an appropriate appeal for different leaders at a personal level to seek an end to conflict. This appeal is compounded by the fact that the songs are in the language the leaders understand, the leaders are widely known in the region and the songs brings out rich, truthful and powerful issues that goes on in the life of their own people. This motivates some leaders to engage in peacebuilding. Additionally, in a politically hostile region to the current NRM government[68]. This is summed up in one statement by former internally displaced man: When politicians in our community are openly praised by musicians in their songs, this sets the bar so high for politicians and their party because the songs are played on the FM stations across the northern Uganda. This is not only praises and recognition for their work, politicians know that as voters we use the same songs to judge them and hence some are working very hard for peace.[69] Given an environment like northern Uganda, which has been unfriendly to the current government because of the long running conflict, people have genuine grievances again their government[72] It recognizes and praises politicians and the government, while at the same time it sets a target for them to achieve thus leading to engagement of some political leaders in the peace process. Furthermore, the religious leaders have also not been spared by the popular artists. They have also been singled out for commitment to peace in northern Uganda and asked to do more in their capacity. Musicians like Bosmic Otim, one of the first popular artists to emerge in northern Uganda in early 2000 with very high popularity went on in his song, Too Paco, to appreciate one religious leader for his extra-ordinary courage and commitment on working for peace. He points out the impact of the war on the Acoli society. He suggests to the government to adopt the non-violent strategy of the religious leaders. He calls for a non-violence strategy because failure of the military strategy which has inflicted great pain on the civilian population. He goes on in his lyrics to say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s see example from Nelson Mandela who fought for peace non violent, let us see example from Bishop Mark Baker Ochola, who is emphasizing talk peace because war increases the death tollà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Such a creative way of sending peace messages by the popular artists have been effective. Popular music have been able to communicate peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire for peace to the religious leaders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Popular music has become additional call to protect their flocks from wolves.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[76]. Furthermore, popular musicians have used their songs as a comparative tool for northern Uganda especially Acoli society. This comparison is based on looking back at Acoli society before the war and comparing it with the society during war. This evokes images of past governments as more successful than the current regime[79]. Some popular songs are explicit imagery of government failure.[82]   This careful manipulation of music to compare Acoli societies is disastrous for the image of the government and NRM political leadership. It has compelled some government leaders to do more to save its image by protecting its citizens while at the same time creating a task that peace is the ultimate goal the government has to achieve in order to avoid comparisons with the past regimes. Dida Moses, in his song Too Oroma-wa, ask a rhetorical question and goes to show the suffering, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Our people, spiritual leaders what do we do? War that started since has not ended, Strong homes have collapsed, Seeing people run for their lives is painfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cutting peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legs, killing is so painful, Children are suffering, children sleep hungry, Children sleep with blankets, children do go to school, Today I pray to God, the rate of death is too muchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? In some of these songs, the government commitment to northern Uganda is questioned indirectly. The reference to pre-Acoli society invokes images of better days of freedom, schooling, ability to meet basic needs and above all a peaceful society under previous government.[84]. This creates a drive for leaders to engage more in peace talks in order to deliver peace, the ultimate wish of the people. Finally, popular music is being used to communicate and remind government of its obligation for peace in a region where people seem to have given up after two decades of war and accepted the status quo. Musicians have not given up. They have continued to remind the government and create awareness about the war in northern Uganda, nationally and internationally.   Popular music is a constant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“burdenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and reminder to Acoli government leaders.[86] These peace concerts bring popular artists from all over the country in northern Uganda to sing for peace and fundraise for the IDP communities. In April 2004 feted Ugandan musician Jose Chameleone teamed up with Richard Kaweesa, another renowned Ugandan musician, in a peace restoration project called [87] In these musical concerts nothing else is sung about but peace.[90] Therefore, popular music has become medium of reminding the government on what people wants while at the same time creating awareness and building a coalition for peace in the northern Uganda which generates public pressure on the government to seek an alternative to the conflict As a result of this constant reminder and call to the government and LRA for peace, the governments of Uganda and South Sudan have come to recognize the role of music in conflict transformation and peacebuilding thus exhibiting the power of popular music in northern Uganda. In 2005, Loketo Lee, was recognized for his outstanding contributions to the peace process. His contribution was first felt outside his own country-Uganda to Southern Sudan and Sudanese vice president, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Salvar Kiirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦handed Loketo Lee a Peace Award for his contribution, through his music, to the countrys peace process.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[93]. This points to the role music can in a musically responsive society like northern Uganda. b. Lordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Resistance Army In northern Uganda, popular music is being used for informing and educating the LRA on amnesty[95] These musical messages have had some impact on LRA through the radio. According to one participant, a former LRA foot soldier: Mega FM has been useful for amnesty messages. The religious leaders and also some songs were very influential in letting us know what amnesty was all about. When our leaders realized we were listening to amnesty messages whether talk shows or music, they stopped us and whoever was found was punished severely. From the perspective of some formerly abducted children interviewed, popular music on the FM stations particularly Mega FM proved to have been effective in disseminating amnesty information. Consequently, some LRA fighters were able to return home. This statement by the former LRA solders is corroborated by Boniface Ojok, in his remarks about the impact of radio communication to the LRA. On realizing that they were reducing in numbers, the LRA leadership discouraged its middle ranking commanders and foot soldiers from listening to radios. Many of the former LRA rebels we talked to said that when the LRA realized that radios were becoming so effective in luring the midlevel commanders and foot soldiers, a warning was issued that radios should be used only by the top leadership[96] Popular music therefore is being used to communicate important messages for the LRA. These messages are effective in informing and educating the LRA. To some former child soldiers, popular artist had become their role models. Some agreed to being persuaded by popular musicians. Their songs about amnesty and asking them to abandon the rebellion was informative and as well as appealing to them to come out of the bush[97]. Additionally, popular musical is helping in confidence building among the LRA.[100]   These cases have been used as propaganda by the LRA leadership to deter foot soldiers from returning but popular artists have razed this propaganda. Strong message for brotherhood, reconciliation, forgiveness and welcome have been sung by the musician including making a personal call to the LRA top leadership about their safety on return. Artists like Baby Dalvin, believes that amnesty from the government without further assurance from civilian population was not enough for the LRA to return.   The LRA fighters were aware of the pardon through the amnesty but they did not know how the civilian populations in the camps would be reacting to them. Government assurance from prosecutions was not enough. Artists had to step in and assure the LRA fighters about their safety from the civilian populations. Popular music was able to fill the void left by the government. Popular music sent assurances about safety and that people are willing to reconcile with them. These have been able to restore some level of confidence in the LRA. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Some artists have even called the LRA fighters as brothers and for Acoli people when someone has called you a brother that is best assurance of acceptance without revenge.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[102] Similarly, when the leaders of the LRA were indicted by International Criminal Court, its impact was expected on the peace process.[105] Such opposition of the external forces to the peace process has been cited to create confidence on the LRA because they feel the masses and the government are willing to save them ICC prosecutions. Thus the artists have been able to add their voice to already a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hostileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? region to ICC creating a feeling of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“safetyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? among some LRA from the government and people in northern Uganda. Furthermore, the role popular music is playing today is a replica of the role songs played in Acoli traditional community. Traditionally, songs were used to entertain and teach. Leaders with unruly behaviors were mocked.[107] This role of music still lives on in the popular music today. Popular artists have not downplayed the atrocities the LRA have committed in the two decades. Lyrics reflect LRA atrocities and challenge the LRA. Popular music have exposed the atrocities and blamed the LRA. Artists have reacted to what they see as contrary to societal values. In northern Uganda, both the government and the LRA have been seeking to dehumanize and blame each for the atrocities but many popular artists have blamed LRA and asked them to end atrocities. Towngweno, in their song, Bedo I camp, hits the LRA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“everyone is talking with name, what popularity are you seeking? Orphans, widows are becoming many because of you!   Why do you want to finish Acoli?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Such songs not only expose but also strike guilt for atrocities among the LRA[112] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I am alone now! What can I say? I am now alone in our home! What can I say? I now have no mother, No sister, No brother, No father, No uncle, War has finished all the sons and daughters of Acolià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? According to another respondent, a former rebel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“popular music have summed up what has happened and if you have carried such atrocities you feel compelled to lay down your gun and come and ask for apologies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[114] Finally, popular artists have used their music to frame the conflict in a way that affects the LRA positively forcing them to reconsider peace.[116] The framing has changed perceptions and made information relevant and persuasive to the LRA. The framing is based on the notion of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“defeatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of the LRA in the war. To many people interviewed, the conflict should have been ended if the government had pursued peaceful means[120] in his songs, Dok Paco, he plays with the notion of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“defeat.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? He calls the LRA to negotiate with the government. He says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“negotiating does not mean you are defeatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to dispel the myth defeat.   Additionally, Bosmic Otim frames the conflicts on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of the LRA. While the LRA claims to be fighting for marginalization of people in northern Uganda, they are at the same time committing gruesome violence on the people. Bosmic, in his song Peace Returns, he says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If a government soldier dies tomorrow, you will find an Acoli, if a LRA soldier diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦you will find an Acoli.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? His framing reinforces the view that one tribe is finishing itself meaning there is no point in continuing the fight. These framings help in changing perceptions. It can be very persuasive. According to former rebels, they cited two impacts. First, they have been persuaded by this framing which made some rebels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ready to move to another life?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[121] Secondly, they have been able to see the reality of the conflict and its impact. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We were able to see the other side of the coin.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This frame has made some large-scale changes in society. Concluding Observations Music has some problems too. There are in fights among some popular musicians and this has sometimes affected their position in society as peacebuilder. There have been incidences of popular artist fighting and how can they talk for peace if they are involved in violence. This is simply because of public rating people give to the peace songs. This has resulted into creating camps among the popular artist leading t to in fights. Additional, commercial interest of some musicians and recording artists has overshadowed peace music. Many times they are diverted from real issues and forced to sing what the government wants or because their promoters have already got money. This causes diversion and hence reduction in the peace messages in northern Uganda Furthermore, some upcoming popular artist stated that there is alot of politics of the FM stations which only play music from recognized artists leaving them to suffer and languishing with their peace songs. Some artist suggested that music managers at the FM stations ask them lump sum money to include their songs on their playlist. This limits the peace songs to only a few and popular artist leaving out some upcoming musicians. This sometimes kills the potential of young artist who could be having genuine interest in promoting peacebuilding in the region. Finally, artists also expressed fear at the government. Some artist believe they cannot confront the government because they fear for the lives and fear that FM stations will not play their songs and this limits them from being neutral and hence affecting their reputation and neutrality in the songs. In spite of these limitations, there are also a number of arguments why popular music is still effective in conflict transformation and peacebuilding in the case of northern Uganda. To begin with, in considering that music can contribute to peacebuilding, one has to look at the cultural context. In northern Uganda has been sued since time in memorial..Therefore, this provides a best opportunity to use music further for peacebuilding. Secondly, within music, there are more than songs. There is communication, rhythm and movement which when combined becomes a very powerful gesture for peace. In listening to music and watching videos, one can see that these are very effective in reinforcing There is very good creativity and understanding of the local context by musicians. The use of name dropping was suggested by one politician as the most effective way Finally, the popular music is very relevant to local issues in northern Uganda. Music and power especially electoral democracy In this article, only a limited number of songs, most of which come from the musical genre à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bongo Flavaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ have been described. There are undoubtedly songs about AIDS from other types of music, including gospel music that may be influential. Nevertheless, the songs described here do provide insight into the promise held by utilizing musicians as popular opinion leaders and song as a medium not only to convey important health information, but also as a mechanism for triggering social and behavior changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.SHERI BASTIEN [122] 4 [(]* Is a MA candidate at the University of Notre Dame. He earned a B.A. in Humanities from Makerere University. He also holds a Post-graduate diploma in Conflict Management and Peace Studies and a Post-graduate diploma in Education from Gulu University. He has served as an Information Officer for a relief organization and a health communication group. Recently, he worked for the Norwegian Refugee Council as communication and Monitoring and Evaluation Manager. He has conducted many researches on the role of the media in conflict transformation in northern Uganda. [1] Moses Cyprus Okello and Lucy Hovil, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Confronting the Reality of Gender Based Violence in Northern Uganda,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3) 2007: 375-390. [2] See Behrend, Heike, Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985-97 (James Currey, Oxford 1999) [3] See Allen, Tim, 1991, Understanding Alice: Ugandaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Holy Spirit Movement in Context. Africa, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 370-399. Branch, Adam, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Neither Peace, nor Justice: Political Violence and the Peasantry in Northern Ugandaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2005) 8(2) African Study Q 1, [4] Lomo, Zachary and Hovil, Lucy, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Behind the Violence: Causes, Consequences and the Search for Solutions to the War in Northern Uganda,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Refugee Law Project Working Paper No. 11 (February 2004), p43 http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4a3f8d3c1e.html [accessed 21 January 2010] [6] Moses Cyprus Okello and Lucy Hovil, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Confronting the Reality of Gender Based Violence in Northern Uganda,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3) 2007: 375-390. [7] See Justice and Reconciliation Project, Cooling of the Hearts: Community Truth Telling in Acholi-land,   2007, 6 http://www.csopnu.net/?jc=juba [accessed 21 January 2010] [9] Moses Cyprus Okello and Lucy Hovil, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Confronting the Reality of Gender Based Violence in Northern Uganda,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1(3) 2007: 375-390. [10] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [11] Interviews with a 67 year old in Odek, 27 December 2009 [12] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [13] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [14] Schumann, Anne à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Beat that Beat Apartheid: The Role of Music in the Resistance against Apartheid in South Africa,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift fÃÆ' ¼r kritische Afrikastudien Nr. 14/2008, 8. Jg., 17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?39 p:2 [15] Kaiser, Tania 2006. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Songs, Discos and Dancing in Kiryandongo, Ugandaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 32, no. 2, March 2006, pp. 183à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"202, pp184 [16] Ibid 188 [17] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [18] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [19] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [20] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [21] Kaiser, Tania, pp 7 [22] Kaiser, Tania, pp 7 [23] Interviews with a leader, Odek, 27 December 2009 [24] Interviews with a musician, Gulu Town, 3rd January 2010 [25] Interviews with a studio owner in Gulu Town, 23rd December 2009 [26] There are 5 radio stations in Gulu [27] There are 10 recordi

Did The Expansion Of The Aztec Empire Lead To Their Downfall? :: essays research papers

Did the Expansion of the Aztec Empire Lead to Their Downfall?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Aztec Indians originated from a place called Aztlan, somewhere in north or northwest Mexico. At that time the Aztecs were a small, nomadic tribe living in the border territory on the margins of civilized Mesoamerica. (see map I) In the 13th century they settled in the valley of central Mexico. The Aztecs finally found refuge on a small island in Lake Texcoco, where about 1345, they founded the town of Tenochtitlan. The island was found through a prophecy which said they would settle where they found an eagle perched on a cactus. (see diagram I)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the next century the Aztecs grew to be greatest power in Mexico. As they grew in political status they became sophisticated and civilized, learning from established peoples who had been town dwellers for more than 1,000 years. (Ekholm, Gordon F.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Aztec empire consisted of numerous, loosely connected urban communities. Land ownership was communal. Each local group was composed of a few families that jointly owned a piece of land. Part of the yield of cultivated land was given to the state as a kind of tax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology depended more on human skills than on mechanical devices. Iron and steel were unknown, although copper and bronze were used for tools and Mexican jewelers made ornaments from gold, silver, and their alloys. Wheat, barley, cattle, horses, sheep, and goats were unknown until introduced from Europe and the Mexicans were efficient farmers who made full use of irrigation, terracing, and fertilization of the fields.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aztec Mexico was rich and civilized. The state controlled every aspect of life. Schooling and training in the martial arts were compulsory for all boys, while the girls were trained in gathering, cooking, and the sewing arts. A centralized bureaucracy looked after the collection and storage of taxes, matters of legislation and punishment. (Peterson, Frederick)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life for the Aztec's was good. Because of the complexity of their government all were happy. Then in 1519 Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes, met the Aztec leader Montezuma in Tenochtitlan. Montezuma believed that the Spaniards had come in peace, but he is proven wrong in 1521 when the Spanish, lead by Cortes, violently conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this report is to answer the question â€Å"Did the Expansion of the Aztec Empire Lead to Their Downfall ?† I feel that it most likely did. This is because when the Aztec's were conquered they were the most powerful civilization in the New World. The Spaniards saw them as â€Å"the ones to beat† to gain supreme power in the Americas. Did The Expansion Of The Aztec Empire Lead To Their Downfall? :: essays research papers Did the Expansion of the Aztec Empire Lead to Their Downfall?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Aztec Indians originated from a place called Aztlan, somewhere in north or northwest Mexico. At that time the Aztecs were a small, nomadic tribe living in the border territory on the margins of civilized Mesoamerica. (see map I) In the 13th century they settled in the valley of central Mexico. The Aztecs finally found refuge on a small island in Lake Texcoco, where about 1345, they founded the town of Tenochtitlan. The island was found through a prophecy which said they would settle where they found an eagle perched on a cactus. (see diagram I)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the next century the Aztecs grew to be greatest power in Mexico. As they grew in political status they became sophisticated and civilized, learning from established peoples who had been town dwellers for more than 1,000 years. (Ekholm, Gordon F.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Aztec empire consisted of numerous, loosely connected urban communities. Land ownership was communal. Each local group was composed of a few families that jointly owned a piece of land. Part of the yield of cultivated land was given to the state as a kind of tax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology depended more on human skills than on mechanical devices. Iron and steel were unknown, although copper and bronze were used for tools and Mexican jewelers made ornaments from gold, silver, and their alloys. Wheat, barley, cattle, horses, sheep, and goats were unknown until introduced from Europe and the Mexicans were efficient farmers who made full use of irrigation, terracing, and fertilization of the fields.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aztec Mexico was rich and civilized. The state controlled every aspect of life. Schooling and training in the martial arts were compulsory for all boys, while the girls were trained in gathering, cooking, and the sewing arts. A centralized bureaucracy looked after the collection and storage of taxes, matters of legislation and punishment. (Peterson, Frederick)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life for the Aztec's was good. Because of the complexity of their government all were happy. Then in 1519 Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes, met the Aztec leader Montezuma in Tenochtitlan. Montezuma believed that the Spaniards had come in peace, but he is proven wrong in 1521 when the Spanish, lead by Cortes, violently conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this report is to answer the question â€Å"Did the Expansion of the Aztec Empire Lead to Their Downfall ?† I feel that it most likely did. This is because when the Aztec's were conquered they were the most powerful civilization in the New World. The Spaniards saw them as â€Å"the ones to beat† to gain supreme power in the Americas.

Motivation and Organizational Culture Essay

What makes a good manager? What makes an employee motivated? There are different types of leaders and everyone has a place in workplace psychology. What is the role of the managers and employees? In workplace psychology management’s role should be to motivate employees and get the tasks completed. Managers are a key in the workplace; they are role models for the employees. Managers should keep a professional relationship with employees but not be so strict that their employees are scared to ask for help or talk about what they need. The key to being able to talk to managers is a positive for managers and employees. It tells the manager what the employee needs to be motivated and always the manager to know where the employee is. Managers keep some of the pressure of the upper level managers and owners. Motivating employees is a key part of management because it helps get the job done and keep the employees happy. If an employee is not motivated and unhappy with their job then they will not do a good job and their work becomes sloppy, eventually they will quit. In workplace psychology employees have the role of carrying out tasks and helping the company become successful. Employees need a clearly defined task, adequate working environment, motivation, and feedback. I the case of Ayame Nakamura, managers need to talk with her to understand her work style and how she can be motivated to do her best. Each person is different and coming from a non-confrontational culture Ayame needs to work in a non-confrontational environment. Her managers need to give her positive feedback so she knows what she is doing right. Being told what she is doing right and wrong in a positive, non-confrontational way may boost Ayame’s motivation, and she may enjoy work again (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011). Ayame was brought up to avoid being confrontational and always be polite. Japanese are very strict in their business and are very straight forward. If Ayame’s work environment is hostile then she is more likely to think she is doing a bad job. In most cultures, if someone feels they are doing bad then they will try harder, if they never receive the feedback for doing a good job they lose motivation and eventually just stop trying. Ayame comes from a very straight forward culture and does not understand when someone is not straight forward with her. Ayame’s employer needs to change his approach with Ayame to give her more motivation and understand feedback clearly (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011). Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard have a model called situational leadership theory. In Hersey-Blanchard theory there are different types of managers; telling managers tell employees when, where, and how to complete tasks. They also have low relationships with their employees. Selling managers provide detailed tasks and have a high relationship with employees. Participating managers give low detail on tasks and have high level of communication with employees. Delegating managers give little direction and have low level relationships with employees. Ayame’s managers could help make her more motivated by taking time to get to know the way she works. If they talk to her and understand where she is at in her hierarchy of needs then they can come up with a reward system to motivate Ayame. Also, understanding that Ayame needs to have a non-confrontational environment this is another thing that can motivate her. It seems that Ayame has telling manager and she needs a selling or participating manager. Giving Ayame a good relationship and communication will help her know what she needs to do. Ayame relies on feedback from her employer and is not getting it in her current situation (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011). Giving employees what they need and keeping them motivated is the job of the manager. There are many different types of managers and some do not give employees what they need. Managers have responsibility to the company to make it as efficient as possible. Some key things managers should remember is that employees need tasks that are clearly defined, some employees may need more direction then others, and all employees need high level of support. Feedback lets employees know what they are doing well and what they can work on. Having something to work toward keeps an employee motivated. A motivated employee is more likely to be happy on the job and complete tasks efficiently; while, an unhappy employee is more likely to be slower, sloppier, and more likely to quit.

The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And. Weir...

Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Silas Weir Mitchell were part of two worlds, one having to live and be treated for a nervous condition and the other having to study the conditions of nerves. Yet, in this particular moment in the late-19th century United States, one can detect a dialogue between doctor and patient in each of their short stories. That is exactly what is detected between Charlotte Perkins Gilman and S. Weir Mitchell. While both The Case of Dedlow and the Yellow Wallpaper use fiction to express themselves more thoroughly about mental health and science, The Case of Dedlow is more concerned with the aspect of scientific case study while the Yellow Wallpaper focuses on indicting science. This paper will compare and contrast the narratives of the aforementioned short stories and discuss the significance of their reception and how their audience understood them. Gilman wrote her short story, The Yellow Wallpaper in 1892 after undergoing S. Weir Mitchell’s, a popular neurologist of the 19th century, â€Å"rest cure† treatment where she was to â€Å"live a domestic life as possible† (Perkins. 4). Through her short story Perkins utilizes gothic fiction, a type of horror fiction, to vocalize her private and personal traumatic experience so that no other woman would have to. The format of the story is written from the perspective of a woman with an unnamed nervous condition, who writes a collection of journal entries to record her daily thoughts, while she is being treated for herShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1312 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific meaning, or to bring light to certain issues in real life. The short story titled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written in 1892 about a woman named Jane who is diagnosed with depression and given a treatment named the â€Å"rest cure.† Charlotte Perkins Gilman created this story based on her experiences with the â€Å"rest cure† and sent it to the creator of the treatment, S. Weir Mitchell, for criticism (Gilman 419). When read, this short story is usually seen through a feminist critical lense, but it canRead More Exploring Rest Cure Therapy in The Yellow Wallpaper781 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Rest Cure Therapy in The Yellow Wallpaper Rest was used as a cure for neurasthenia, but did it really work? The Yellow Wallpaper explores the concept of rest cure therapy and its effectiveness on a woman patient. The best-known doctor for treating neurasthenia was a highly regarded neurologist named Silas Weir Mitchell (Kivo 8). Women from all over the world traveled to the United States to be treated by Silas Weir Mitchell (5). Rest cure therapy included secludingRead MoreVoices Of The Woman Beyond The Pattern1484 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Voices of the Woman Beyond the Pattern† The Yellow Wallpaper, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892, is at first glance the story of a woman driven to madness in a desperate attempt to escape the strict confines placed on her by the treatment regime of the day. More than that though, Gilman has created an alter ego to give voice to her own experiences and frustrations with the societal constraints imposed on women at the time of its publishing. This tale of disempowerment and the subjugationRead MoreInsanity in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman1016 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the average mind, which is the way the narrator thinks in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. 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The adoption of the sick-role was a product of-and a reaction against gender norms and all of the pressures and tensions that theirRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. 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Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Deeper Meaning of The Yellow Wallpaper1257 Words   |  6 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, is the disheartening tale of a woman suffering from postpartum depression. Set during the late 1890s, the story shows the mental and emotional results of the typical rest cure prescribed during that era and the narrator’s reaction to this course of treatment. It would appear that Gilman was writing about her own anguish as she herself underwent such a treatment with Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell in 1887, just two years after the birth ofRead More Repression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper1873 Words   |  8 PagesRepression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The short story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman gives a brilliant description of the plight of the Victorian woman, and the mental agony that her and many other women were put through as treatment for depression when they found that they were not satisfied by the life they had been given.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late nineteenth century when the Yellow Wallpaper was written, the role of wife and mother, which