As Psychology Locus of Control Essay Example for Free

As Psychology Locus of Control EssayDiscuss the role of locus of restrainer on nonsymbiotic behaviour. (12 marks) Locus of chasteness refers to a persons perception of personal hold up over their own behaviour. in that respect are two types of locus of check off internal and external. Internal locus of control occurs when individuals palpate they are in control of their behaviour and are responsible for their actions. External locus of control occurs when individuals feel their behaviour is controlled by external forces (e. g. luck or fate) and they are not responsible for their own actions. Those with internal locus of control are much plausibly to show independent behaviour and resist the pressures to conform or obey whereas those with external locus of control are more likely to obey and conform. graduate(prenominal) internals do not rely on the opinions of others. They are better able to resist coercion and are more achievement-orientated. High internal locus of con trol has been linked to leadership and individuals with high internal locus of control are more likely to become entrepreneurs. Anderson and Schneier found that group members possessing an internal locus of control were more likely to emerge as leaders in their groups.This may be because individuals who take responsibility for their own actions feel that they can cause changes in their environment, including the behaviour of those around them. thither is lots of research evidence to support locus of control. Oliner and Oliner found that people who had gone against the majority and protected the Jews from the Nazis tended to score high on measures of internal locus of control. This means they believed they had influence over events in their life including success and failures. It may be this that made them independent.Also, Elms and Milgram found that the people that were rumbustious in Milgrams study of obedience shows higher internal locus of control and social responsibility. A vtigis did a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship in the midst of locus of control and conformity and found high scores of external locus of control were more likely to conform than those with a low score. The average correlation between locus of control and conformity was 0. 37. This suggests that thither are higher rates of conformity shown in external locus of control when compared to internal locus of control.There are a number of problems with using a meta-analysis. The studies are secondary data that the researcher has compiled. This means the study could suffer from researcher slash as they may have only found studies that supported their view. Also, as the study is correlational, cause and effect cannot be established. It does not comment on why there is a link or which factors were most important it only states that there is a relationship between the two variables. However, as the data is secondary data there are no ethical issues linked to the use of a meta-analysis to study the patterns between locus of control and conformity.On the other hand, Williams and Warchal gave 30 students a range of conformity tasks based on Aschs study and assessed them using the Rotters locus of control scale. They found that those who conformed were the least assertive exclusively did not score differently on the locus of control scale. This suggests that assertion may be more important in conformity than locus of control. There are also research studies that suggest that independent behaviour can be fostered or encouraged through modelling.Nemeth and Chiles found that those who had been exposed to a minority (four participants, one confederate) who gave a different answer were more likely to stand their ground and defy the majority in the second part of the experiment when they became a minority (four confederates, one participant). This study implies that exposure to a model of independent behaviour can influence the individuals ability to sta nd sozzled against the majority and resist the group pressure to conform. However, there are problems with research into locus of control.Many of the studies that support locus of control are carried out in laboratories. This means they lack ecological validity and the results may not be applicable to real life situations. Also, demand characteristics may be present. The participant may have guessed the aim of the experiment and acted accordingly to fit the results they assume the researcher wanted. Also, it is difficult to measure personality. The use of questionnaires could mean that the studies suffer from social desirability bias as people may have altered their answers to appear more normal or to fit with what they assume the researcher wanted.Lastly, situational factors may be more important as personality is not always consistent. McGuire found that conforming behaviour differed across situations. If conformists and independents are not consistent in their behaviour it is t all(prenominal) to conclude that it is their personality that solely affects their choice whether or not to conform. Situational factors may influence behaviour too as they tend to conform in sure situations but not in others.

Models of Teaching Essay Example for Free

Models of Teaching EssayThis paper explores the experience of synectics, a teaching dumbfound that comes from the informational-processing family. This model is known as the art of enhancing creative judgment and through our group experience it has given us proof. Creativity is a huge part of the model and its purpose is to bring erupt creativity from the students. Synectics brings each children the process of metaphoric thinking known as the foundation of creative thought.As my group and I continued to study the model we discovered bang-up interrelateions and outcomes from teaching a lesson through synectics in two different grade levels. This paper will serve as a reflection from my experience exploitation the synectics model as well as my group experience. Synectics Model In the beginning, my group and I were very puzzled virtually the model because it was something we were unfamiliar with and it took a while for us to comprehend the book. So, our first thing we qua rter up ones mindd as a group was to go home and read the chapter and explore the model and do personal research that could benefit our understandings.When Amanda, Tessa, Doug and I met up again we sh atomic number 18d what we learned, but once again we re master(prenominal)ed stuck. My group was still feeling fuzzy active the model because we understood the rational but we did not know how to put it into practice. The Models of Teaching by Joyce, Weil, and Calhoun provided great information and examples but we still had no mite on how and what we were going to conduct a lesson using the model. Amanda and I brought in some lessons that we found on the internet that could be helpful for our group.One of the lessons was called footrace the Mile by Jennifer Hoffman and just by reviewing it on my own it clicked and I understood what we needed to do. I know Amanda had an idea but I was not sure about Tessa and Doug because they still seemed unsure. The day we met in part for the last time was when our group asked our instructor for guidance and what she did was read the Synectics part from the Models of Teaching out loud and our groups light bulb lit up. It was very interesting on how that happened because right subsequently our instructor left the table we began coming up with a plan and lessons.As we group we decided that we were going to carry out two lessons. Doug and Tessa worked together to create a lesson for juniors at Dougs school while Amanda and I collaborated on lesson for her 6th graders. We decided to carry it this way so we could comp ar the different outcomes for out final reflection. Once we evaluate out the synectics model we quickly put together two lessons less than ten minutes and began scheduling dates to teach and observe in the actual schoolroom. functional with Amanda we talked about an appropriate lesson that could connect to her current theme in the classroom.She mentioned that they will be studying the Holocaust so from there w e came up with a lesson that dealt with Adolf Hitler whereas Doug and Tessa created a lesson that involved the Great Depression. Both lessons seemed very interesting and exciting because using the synectics model to teach it had unlimited outcomes. On November 15, I arrived at Amandas classroom as an observer and began my note taking. When I got there Amanda shared with me that she taught the lesson to another class of hers and said that it went very well because she got them to compare Hitler to a computer as well as a shark.Synectics consists of six phases and is easy to get confused at first but when it is successfully carried out it offers a creative outcome. I will provide the lesson summary that we will use to conduct the lesson. Lesson Summary Step One descriptor One- Provide reason information over Hitler and the Holocaust. The main resource for this is http//www. ushmm. org/museum/. This will provide a ton of information over the different groups that were targeted and it provides background information over the process of the Holocaust. Step Two satisfying Question How is Hitler equal a Machine?This will be written on the front board and students will be asked to complete their answers in their journals that are stored in class. This will be a warm up to the lesson that we will be doing. Step Three As a class, we brainstorm different machines. Students decide on one machine to become. They are to then write what they would do as this machine. Step Four Compressed Conflict- Write adjectives on the board that run the machine. Then have a discussion over the antonyms and the adjectives that conflict with one another. Example Violent versus Quiet.We will then choose these as a class to compare together and discuss. Step Five Now pick and animal(prenominal) to compare the compressed conflict with. Ask students, how is this animal like the compressed simile? Example, say we choose a lion. How is a lion twain quiet and violent? Step Six Going back t o the Holocaust, how can we compare this animal to a machine? Why is the Holocaust a quiet and violent lion, for example? Students will now gain an understanding of being able to connect Hitler/Holocaust to an animal that they are more familiar with. In the classroom this is what I observed.Phase One Substantive Input- Teacher provides information on virgin topic which was carried out by Amanda the day before I came. She provided a PowerPoint about the Holocaust as well as information about Hitler. Phase Two Direct Analogy- Teacher suggests direct analogy and asks students to describe the analogy. Amanda asks her 6th grade students to create a list of machines and gives them two minutes. These are the machines they came up with disposal, computer, microwave, car, oven, washer, lawn mower, shredder, imitate machine, blender, toaster and vacuum.Phase Three Personal Analogy- Teacher suggests students become the direct analogy. Amanda then tells her students to choose a machine and wr ite about how it would be to be the machine. For example, a student chose a vacuum and this is what she wrote, My owner unceasingly uses me to clean up stuff. In my point of view, I get fed. I am always sucking up all kinds of things like junk etc. Whenever they dump stuff out, I become hungry and it makes me feel like my whole corroborate has been taken away. Phase Four Comparing Analogies- Students identify and explain the points of similarity between the new material and the direct analogy.Amanda then asks her students to vote on a machine as a class that they will use to compare Hitler with. The class voted on a shredder and came up with a simile. This is what one student wrote, Hitler is like a shredder because he killed people and a shredder excessively kills paper. Also since a shredder sounds torturous, Hitler also tortured people. They are also both powerful. The students came up with adjectives for the shredder such as hungry, happy, choking, short, powerful. Phase Fi ve Explaining differences- Students explain where the analogy does not fit.Amanda explained this bill as the compressed conflict and had the student create a list of oxymoron from the adjectives in step four. This is what her class came up with Short vs. Powerful, Choking vs. Happy, Torturous vs. Happy, Choking vs. Hungry. Phase Six Exploration- Students reexplore the original topic on its own terms. Amanda then gave her students 2 minutes to list some animals. The students listed zebra, tiger, lion, cheetah, pony, and bear. As a class they were told to choose one animal that matched their compressed conflict of being torturous vs. happy. Hence, they all agreed on a lion.Phase seven Generating Analogies- Students provide their own direct analog y and explore the similarities and differences. Amanda then instructed her students to compare a lion to Hitler. Here are some of the responses her students gave. * Hitler is like a lion because they are both like leaders and have followers. They also kill a lot and they are both smart. * Hitler is like a lion because they are both very powerful and vicious. They both kill things they dont like and are both handsome leaders and have followers. For the extension part we agreed that they could illustrate their outcomes if there was extra time available.Overall, the experience of using the model was a success because it brought so much creativity to the table and I was shocked that her class chose a lion for the animal to describe Hitler. I was shocked that no one brought up Lion King the Disney movie, because that movie makes a lot of reference to Hitler and dictatorship. It was very interesting how her students made a connection to it without thinking very hard. The rational of the model synectics gives students an opportunity to express their ideas creatively and make connections with the unknown.As students are prepared to start mixing analogies and similes together to create a connection, it gives students a chanc e to make a much more interesting connections in their daily writing and for the purpose of this assignment. Using the Holocaust as our main focus to teach about Hitler was an achievement because by overlooking what the students made connections with was obvious that they could express what Hitler felt and acted. In conclusion, this model at first seemed more challenging but after awhile it began to fall into place.It deals with thinking outside the box and for me being a creative person I enjoyed learning about the model and having to teach students to also think outside the box and not be afraid of the unknown outcomes. As a future educator, I feel that this model has been very dear and I look forward to utilizing again in my own classroom as writing warm ups to new stories or materials. This model helps students make connections with their background knowledge as well as concepts they are unfamiliar with and it also challenges them to bring their creativity out. Reference Joyce, B. , Weil, M. , amp Calhoun, E. (2009). Models of teaching.

Why african people are reluctant to attend counselling

Why afri foundation pot argon reluctant to attend instructionThe question aimed to carry out why individuals coming from an African background ar reluctant to attend talk over service. This line of research was examined by means of individuals attitudes and knowledge of internal and British Africans sustainment in the United Kingdom. Data was collected using a Likert scale questionnaire consisting of thirty-five of which ten statements being tried and true for participants knowledge and twenty-five being tested for participants attitudes. Overall eighty participants (forty phallic and forty female) ranging from the age of eighteen to thirty years had participated in the experiment. The data collected were subjected to a 22 unrelated two-party analyses of variance (ANOVA) mingled with participants as participants can only be one or the other. The independent vari competent consisted of two conditions being participants gender and whether their background was native or Br itish Africans and a dependant vari adapted being the everyplaceall scores. Overall findings had sh take in that there was no significance passing between participants gender and get-go in relation to individuals knowledge (F(1,76) = .965, p= 0.329) and attitude (F(1,76) = .166, p= .685). The results did not seem to support prior research which nigh(prenominal) had suggested that African men bequeath have a invalidating view on centre. The research did however, raises interesting questions for future studies, and had allowed for a second experiment being designed for native Africans over the age of forty for further intelligence of the new development. The overall results had saw native African men to more knowledge in pleader as women showed a positive attitude towards this second experiment made it clearer in understanding that opposite generation are carrying different views on counselling.Introduction passim time the African community prides itself on traditional m orals and values in which can de marchesine how they begin to perceive their surroundings. This notion can buy the farm riddleatic in galore(postnominal) electron orbits of an individuals intimately-being. As psychogenic illness is everyday in Africans it raises the question on how they are able to put their beliefs aside and digest help. According to Mind (2010) b inadequacy people were more likely to be detained under the section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983), section 136 allows individuals who are believed to be suffering from mental illness be placed under safety. As more and more Africans begin to immigrate to the United Kingdom, it brings to light on the run that are available in ensuring that the needs of dingy Africans are met. As an individual coming from an African background and having family who have immigrated to the United Kingdom physique a Ghana, by seeing in firsthand how the views of counselling is perceive amongst the African community enables for this conduct to elaborate and understand the common problems which hinders Africans living in the United Kingdom from accessing counselling serve. By have a bun in the ovening into British and native African attitudes and knowledge towards counselling can play a part in the understanding to why African individuals fear help seeking services. The research will also examine the cultural differences between the western system and how it can have an depression n the African culture, as it is seen to be a barrier between how Africans approach counselling services as counselling spirit to confront the social and emotional barriers placed at bottom many societies, as well as liberalisation the distress such social and emotional issues.The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) (2009) states that in order for a client to tally to landmarks with unconstructive situations one must be able to see things from a different perspective, which then enables change and choice. By acknowledging the early work of the Humanistic approach founded by Carl Rogers (1902-1987), marked an substantial development in the area of counselling as Rogers had set out to look into the individual as a whole and had outlined the concept of self-actualisation. This explanation saw psychological yield as it was portrayed that the sense of satisfaction with life was an essential human motive. However, Rogers wanted to understand an individuals response to certain situations and had devised the client-centred or person centred counselling. This approach gives the understanding that individuals have the skills to reach their full potential, however this vacuousthorn become blocked due to life experiences individuals face. Rogers approach sees the role of a counsel being able to aid clients in take backing who they are as an individual, as by providing positive points to the client helps in the individual valuing themselves as a whole.The Gestalt Therapy considered by Fritz Perls (1940), other school under the humanistic had also similar papers to Rogers approach. Gestalt therapy had focused on the experiences of an individuals thoughts, emotional and behaviour. The main approach was to make the individual become more aware(p) of who they are, as by the promotion of here and now saw the improvement in removing certain obstacles. Gestalt approach was influenced by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) psychoanalytic theory, the understanding of emotions saw through the perceptive of human beings. The work of Sigmund Freud was first established through the understanding on the functioning of the human sound judgement, the notion led to his consume principles and techniques being cognize as psychoanalysis. The idea brought in many techniques such as free association which helped to reveal the unconscious beliefs and desires, and therefore was able to make the unconscious mind conscious this had therefore enabled the patient to reveal their inner probl ems. By comparing the major approaches into counselling and psychotherapy, these theories helped to build a foundation into the outcome of positive and young counselling techniques which is still used for clients with mental health and personalized issues.The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) (2009) defines counselling as a private and mystical setting which explores the difficulty, distress or loss of direction and purpose that the client is facing, as the role of a counsellor should be able to encourage to look at different aspects of their life. The process of counselling has long been at the centre of understanding how human beings are able to adapt to difficulties and life changing situations. In order for clients to benefit from the help-seeking services, the essential information is needs to be highlighted and made available to individuals.As with the ongoing growth of counselling services emerging inside society, counselling has faced a multitud e of challenges throughout the years which have determined the outcome of different types of approaches being used for its clients. The lack of Africans not care counselling services has brought to light the issue of trust that the client whitethorn have upon the counsellor as this can result in whether clients are able to seek help or not. Many studies have recognised the key issues that have become problematic in understanding the cycle of why many cultures are reluctant to approach counselling services, which will be addressed within this study. However, as majority of these studies address the issues faced within Africans American clients, the lack of recognition within the UK has led to this study being conducted, the views of British and native Africans may differ from the views of others around the world in relation to counselling. This leads to this piece of research focusing on the knowledge and attitudes of counselling services within British and native Africans living in the United Kingdom.Literature ReviewIn this come off of literature based on counselling and cultural minority engagement, the author will explore some of the reasons why black African individuals may take issue engaging with counselling services. The Department of Health and Human serve (2001) highlighted the social stigma faced within many ethnic communities living in the UK. The term stigma was first seen by sociologist Erving Goffman (1968) as someone who possesses an undesired characteristic and who is therefore disqualified from full social acceptance. The understanding that Africans are faced with stigmation has been considered to be core explanation into why black individuals tend to be unable to seek the professional help-seeking services. The statement by the Department of Health and Human Services brought to light that many Africans avoid seeking help because of the fear of being seen as unstable by other members of the African community. Many Africans would rather ge t over their own business, than seek the necessary help needed to overcome their own personal complex situations.In addition to the concern on stigmatisation, it has been argued that western models of counselling are culturally inappropriate for ethnic minority clients. For example, the European Guidance and Counselling Research (2008) has shown that clients from ethnic minority groups are least(prenominal) likely to make use of counselling services. As the statement recognises the lack of Africans interacting with counselling services provided many researchers such as Ridley, (1995), Lago Thompson (1996) and march Sue, (1999) looked into a possible reasons why this may be. These references have argued that mainstream approaches are white, heart and soul class activities that operate with many distinctive values and assumptions, and had coined the phrase ethnocentric activity. This term was centred on the one sided views and principles of the white middle class individuals whic h has led to the separation with other cultures in the UK. Many cultures may view the Western system as unsuitable, as the needs of other ethnic minorities may not to be taken into consideration. As more and more researchers begin to realise the ongoing problem in the way counselling services operate, Sue and Sue (1996) had considered an approach known as the Multicultural Counselling and Therapy (MCT) challenged the theory that only one technique of approach is assignable to every client. Sue and Sue developed the theory of Multicultural Counselling and Therapy, as a model which seeks to resolve the increased imbalance with different cultures by acknowledging and valuing different cultures which are being presented as well as promoting a method designed to enhance the present approaches. Pederson (1994) had also proposed a broad definition of multicultural counselling as ethnographic variables which looked into ethnicity, religion, age, and gender, as well as status variables such as social, educational and economic factors. Pedersons proposal argued that multiculturalism takes note on how similar and different individuals can be towards others, as Pederson understood that an individuals differences did not matter in relation to counselling. However, according to Ivey (1997) who views multicultural counselling from a different perspective sees this term as a meta theoretical approach, this had outlined the techniques which exist within the cultural context. It stresses the connection between family and culture affecting the way in which individuals view the world. In addition, Ivey, Sue and Pederson had outlined the importance in working towards developing wider knowledge on the different approaches practitioners needs to adapt to and change to ensure the requirements are stick out for its clients, as multicultural counselling brings in a new approach designed to ensure that all individuals from ethnic backgrounds are met.The concept of multicultural counsel ling brings in the research conducted by Sue and Sue (2003) who had looked into the lack of counsellors from particular ethnic backgrounds. Sue and Sue came to the understanding that the term counselling is considered as a white endeavor being controlled by White middle-class value system. Bimrose (1996) saw a clear pattern emerging and understood that individuals from ethnic groups were the least likely to request and persevere with counselling which concluded that individuals who had attended a counselling service were unlikely to return. In relation to this understanding, a study which had looked into the one-time(prenominal) and present views of counselling devised by Paul. M. Smith (1947) made clear for the need of black individuals having black counsellors, as black counsellors had the key in understanding the black heritage. As a result, the effect of Smith idea made aware of the lack of recognition and how it can have an effect on individuals well-being.The descent between African men and women in relation to counselling has attracted considerable amount of attention in recent years. In an attempt to go beyond the negative views and assumptions about how men and women use counselling services by examining the problem enables for a wider understanding. It is seen that a males identity plays an important role in relation to their maleness as the constant idea of proving their manhood is seen to be earned. Society has long perceived men as emotionless as this term determines their masculinity. Balswick (1982) defines this as male inexpressiveness it was founded by Balswick that males tend to find it hard to express verbal feelings because they are programmed not to do so. However, Skovolt (1978) relates Balswick understanding of male inexpressiveness to restrictive emotionality. Skovolt had founded that as men start to have difficulty expressing their feelings and giving up on emotional control, can however plays a part in internal illness, as if men a re able to recognise and become aware of their illness can lead to the reduction of mental illness and therefore begin to live a rosy life style. As the increase pressure from society expects men to follow the behaviours in which Skovolt and Balswick both describe, this has led to suggest that the traditional role of men may not be able to change.Studies into gender concerning counselling has seen a remarkable increase in men from black and minority backgrounds having a high resistor to receive counselling (Mind 2010). With the general growth of Africans avoiding the attendance of counselling services Cheatham, Shelton, Ray, (1987) Sher, (1979), Smith (2002) looked into the gender differences that the African community may face as previous research had focused solely on the services of counselling African men. The study allowed for African American men to freely express their own personal fears in counselling and overall found that men use counselling services less often than wom en. It was recognised that men will only do so if it was recommended by a third-party. However, Coker (2002) suggested African American women are reluctant to seek formal counselling, opting for more traditional sources of support such as family, friends, and uncanny outlets and had often viewed the use of formal counselling as a sign of cultural or personal deficiency. Many African women tend to provide their own personal counselling support as within everyday situations and surroundings African women are able to seek help from individuals close to them, as within these environments the importance of cultural principles help with their coping strategies.Wallace (1978) saw that many African women can go through what is called superwomen syndrome this theory outlines the little focus on their own personal mental health state. As a result of this syndrome many African women are prone to depression and other stress related sickness. The focus of this approach saw African women as bein g able to manage their own personal issues without the assistance of others. The syndrome has become another restriction on why women are not able to seek help, as once again the notion that men will be seen as weak is also seen in women. This shows that the pattern of stigma across both African men and women with respect to counselling has imparted upon on their personal health and reluctant to express their emotions. A study conducted by Komiya, Good, and Sherrod (1998) had shown that Africans who are told to express their emotions become reluctant to seek counselling, findings had also suggested that females had a more open attitude towards seeking counselling than male respondents. roughly researchers also focuses on differential access to counselling services, based on the intersection of gender and race. For example, Coker (2003) had found that African American women continue to use counselling services less than their white female counterparts, but when presented with severe challenges they tend to seek counselling more than their African American male counterparts. Judora J. Spangenberg (2003) had looked into person- centred counselling services and post apartheid South Africa had discovered the differences faced in the South African black and white community, this had seen a distinct difference in client and counsellor had indicated the lack of black counsellors in present South Africa as an increase in instances where black individuals are the client and have a white counsellor.Apparently, some would describe the available counselling services as irrelevant for black South Africans (Dawes, 1986 Swartz, 1996 Turton, 1986) had regarded that many of these theories are based on Western culture which many question their usefulness towards black individuals. Pack-Brown, (1999) founded that white counsellors are expected to form the majority of counselling practitioners, currently and as well as in the future. art object there are clearly some problems wit h the lack of black counsellors as the black South African make up 76.1% of the population (Schonegevel, Watson, Stead, 1998). It is also important to emphasise the need for cross-cultural counselling which draws upon experiences which has helped in the formation of cultural identity.Failure to highlighting and recognise the needs of Black Africans being counselled by white counsellors can hinder the progress of black clients. By looking into countries which are predominantly black and comparing it to western countries, brings to light the vast amount of difference in the approaches in which both are able to accept. Many African countries base their health on their faith as according to Wheeler, Ampadu, Wangari, (2002) who had suggested that religion and otherworldliness are deeply rooted in the African culture. Africans tend to rely on those who share the same faith or who have a greater social position as they are seen as more knowledgeable and wiser and therefore were allowed to criticise an individuals well-being. Within African communities an individuals religion and faith is seen to help them in finding a sense of self. Chatters, Taylor, Lincoln, (1999) indicate that religion and spirituality are very important to them. Having their religion and spirituality questioned on how to handle their own mental state may be a reason for the reluctance as to Africans not attending help-seeking services can bring some understanding into the common problem. Studies into religion in relation to counselling lead to the fact that Africans tend to rely on the strength and direction of their spirituality and by involving counselling strategies gives the idea of weakness, as combining both counselling and religion can be seen as unacceptable when addressing problems within Africans. Young, Griffith and Williams (2003) found that Africans who have a faulty relationship with a spiritual being could be regarded as the cause of someones mental illness. This statement brin gs forward the notion as to why Africans may not accept that they have a mental illness and therefore may feel that they are mentally stable.Counselling within developed countries focuses on the different problem areas faced within society, which can range from bereavement to eating disorders. Western cultures are considered to have a greater understanding of how to address client problems. Approaches which trace a clients social, biological, emotional and psychical state have been helpful in enabling individuals to become aware of counselling services. By the understanding and the positive effect which countries such as the United Kingdom help to promote counselling services are able to make society feel at ease in approaching and speaking to a counsellor. The BACP has discovered that Celebrities lead the way in promoting counselling and psychotherapy a report which was conducted by the BACP wanted to look into the progress of the therapy received in Britain and had seen that 83 p er cent of British adults either have or would consider having counselling and psychotherapy. As a result of illustrious celebrities being able to be open up to their own personal experiences with mental illness has enabled others to do the same. The media and its role in promoting counselling has seen such adverts called acting cards based in South African created by Herdbuoy McCann (2007) aimed to make aware the different counselling agencies that are available to the African community. As well as public advertisements, many African countries are aided by the work of volunteers from other countries as many see that talking to their own people can help with coming to term with mental health issues. However, by addressing the socio-economic issues faced, individuals who were born in the United Kingdom and have an Africa background may been seen as having an advantage to those who were born in Africa but moved UK as they have a led in adapting to society. Within the African communi ties financial issues is seen as a factor into why Africans are less likely to attend counselling, as within less developed countries it is understandable that by not having the relevant faculties would rival to a disadvantage in wellbeing of native Africans, and can result in whether the problem within Africans not seeking help may come down to financial issues. While there are clearly some problems with addressing counselling issues, the links between how western countries and African countries deal with counselling has remained at the centre of how much work is needed in the improvement of the system.

Academic Culture In Different Countries

Academic Culture In Different CountriesAcademic gloss refers to the attitudes, values and ways of behaving that are shared by deal who work or sketch in universities, for example, lecturers, seekers and savants. (Brick, J, 2009, p.2) What constitutes academic horticulture is different for students who come from different cultural backgrounds?The academic culture is totally different for Malaysia and Australia. In Malaysia education, the command styles is more teacher-centered where teachers will be great(p) exactly all the information to students and students are not expected for give respond to teachers questions. It is called spoon-feeding learning styles in Malaysia. This learning style is very popular in Malaysia education because it makes the learning easier to students. Therefore, students dont need to find any extra information for their studies. However, the teaching styles for Australia education is establish on student-centered. Australian students are expected to p lay an active role during tutorial. Students need to have an active explodeicipation in discussion with their peers. Besides, students are qualified to challenge to lecturer or tutor because they can express their opinion.In Malaysia, the education system is more exam-oriented. Therefore, spoon-feeding learning styles will make students only study for specific books or the notes that they get from teachers. Other than that, students will follow the instruction that given by teachers which is memorizing the notes and go for examination. In this approach, students dont understand the knowledge they learned. So, they cant conk out an active learner in the future. Conversely, Australian education system is more practical-oriented. They are focusing on student taste. It is not just study everything without understanding the knowledge. Students are advised to voice out their opinion during discussion. It is a training program for them to become independent learners in the future.MCD 1 510 Learning Studies (Task 2)Culture is an integral part of society. An individuals attitudes, values, beliefs, arts, ideals, modes of perception, and habits of thought are greatly influenced by the culture in which he or she lives. Every society has a different culture, where people who share their culture also share their attitudes, specific languages, behaviors, values, and traditions. It is easy to know the culture background for a person based on their attitudes and behaviors. For example, the common perception of Australians is that they are informal, pass on and direct and say what they mean. They call people by their frontmost name and say please and thank you to be polite. They are allowed to call teachers by their first name, even though they are students. This showed that they study that people should be treated in the same way and the principle of giving people a clean go.Conversely, most Chinese has a very formal culture when they talk to someone who has a higher st atus and older than themselves. They place their culture immensity on hierarchy. They need to show their respect when talk to older people and people who has a higher status. Therefore, they call a persons whole name which is his or her first and last name together. Other than that, Chinese has a lot of etiquettes during meeting, gift giving and dinning. Besides, greetings are formal and important and the oldest person must be always greeted first.However, culture is not only about the different culture countries background. There is a culture named academic culture which is the culture of universities. Academic culture refers to the attitudes, values and ways of behaving that are shared by people who work or study in universities, for example, lecturers, researchers and students. New students have to learn newfound knowledge, new skills and new attitudes, values and ways of behaving that is, they have to learn a new academic culture. Therefore, academic culture is unfamiliar to m any students who come from different countries background. communicatory universities are the universities who have used the language of English as an instruction. However, it is not necessary that those universities are sharing the same academic culture although they are teaching in English. One of the ideas for academic culture is there is more than one way to approach a problem. Scholars tried to find the most useful resultant role when they are approaches to a problem in different ways. Each scholar presents their ideas in the way that he or she does agree with and criticizes ideas that he or she does not agree with. This shown that there are many scholars in English-speaking universities believe academic knowledge develops.*dont understand the describe how many scholars in English-speaking universities believe academic knowledge develops.MCD 1510 Learning Studies (Task 3)Academic committal to writing is a particular style of formal and expressive writing. In this form of writ ing, it should be third person, formally toned writing and precise words. Text 4 is another extract from an article on deforestation. There are several ways to show that this schoolbook is a piece of academic article. The purpose of Text 4 is to explain what happen later on deforestation, so its tone is logical, rational and impersonal. It is logical because it outlines the happen after deforestation, so the reader can see the reasoning. Besides, it is rational because the article is based on attest and research. It is important to use evidence and reasons in academic writing, because it shows whether the research is based on support or not support. Therefore, there is supporting literary arguments and facts for this article which the reader can check it. It is impersonal, because it is based on verifiable evidence not personal feelings. It is objective writing because the article is written in third person not first person. Other than that, it is a formal writing style because there is no slang, no abbreviation and complete sentences.Based on the referencing, it is an authoritative website by government. This elbow room that it is the website which reader can trust the argument and facts for the article. There are one more features of academic arguments can be identified. An academic article has the strength and logical order of arguments. The information should be giving verifiable to support the discussion when writing an academic article. Besides, this article is using formal words for the writing.MCD 1510 Learning Studies (Task 4)There are some major features of academic culture in University life. One of the major features of academic culture in University life is student voice should come through when writing academic work. This means that excessive cutting and pasting other peoples ideas is not encouraged. It is so called plagiarism when students are cutting and pasting other peoples ideas in their assignment.Besides, student arguments need to be well back up to make their arguments stronger and avoid plagiarism. Otherwise, students are also expected to get the main ideas in other argument and critically evaluate the merit of argument.Other than that, student arguments need to be logical and evidence based. This means you have to remain objectives or impartial. Therefore, there is supporting arguments and facts for this article which the reader can check it. by and by that, students are advised to engage in wide reading. It brings out multiple perspectives which are different opinion and have a range of arguments to support the shew of view. This means that ideas are no black or white.

Development Of Italian Neorealism Film Studies Essay

Development Of Italian Neorealism Film Studies EssayItalian neorealism developed as a accompaniment form of cinematic expression during the show up when Italy was ruled by the Fascists. Italian neorealism developed under onerous circumstances and became a form by which Italian dealmakers could express themselves in a new substance. Essenti completelyy, the early neorealist movie theatremakers were doing what they could with the tools at hand and doing it under the watchful eyes of an antagonistic ruling class, From the tensions this arrangement produced, they created something distinctive, allowing them to develop ideas and to do so in a new cinematic zeal. At the time, Italy was ruled by fascists, who viewed art as valu subject only to the degree it was useful. Yet, these films were not do in service of fascist ideas that as a counter to them. The forces that helped shape these films, the style that was produced by these tensions, and some most-valuable examples demonstrat e the vitality achieved by Italian directors as World War II overthrowed.One of the best-known of what would be called the neo-realist approach to film was Roberto Rossellinis establish metropolis (1945), and many of the characteristics of the vogue were explicit in this film. These films had an anti-establishment, revolutionary attitude. They had an extemporaneous, documentary quality enhanced in the early era by the materials from which they were madewar-time film stock, cobbled-together equipment, non-professional actors, and location shooting. Open City is a soundly example of this early period in neorealism, spot Vittorio De Sicas The Bicycle Thief (1948) is an expression of the fully developed tradition from the period afterwards the expulsion of the fascists and after the end of World War II.These two films display a challenge to the establishment of the time and a social consciousness that delves into the reality rather than the fig of the nation. For this reason, ne orealism encountered hostility from the established forces because these films portrayed Italy in a realistic and critical way that was not the sort of image the establishment wanted for the country, particularly to be presented to the outside area.Bondanella sees the development of neorealism as a high point in the history of the film and one that would be highly influential to later whole kit and boodle and movements. Bondanella cites critic Andre Bazin, who called neorealism a cinema of fact and reconstituted reportage which offered a message of fundamental human solidarity fostered by the anti-fascist Resistance. Bazin says that these works often embodied a rejection of both handed-down dramatic and cinematic conventions. The filmmakers most often employed on-location shooting rather than studio sets and used nonprofessional actors and documentary effects. Leprohon emphasizes that this cannot be considered a coherent movement in the sense that it created rules or plane theor ies followed by the filmmakers. Rather, the filmmakers were but trying to express themselves individually in a way that was in the airEssentially, neo-realism was a product of political and social circumstances. And it is in this revolutionary aspect of neo-realism that I should like to discuss first of all. Before it existed in its own right, with definite aims and sectarist interests, neo-realismwhich was still namelesswas opposed to a state of affairs which increasingly stifled and oppressed the expression of trutha state of affairs that existed . . . long before the Fascist era.Leprohon notes that the neorealistic style had as its underlying aim qualification the cinema an extension of the literary realism that had developed at the end of the 19th century. Leprohon looks back at this literary history and finds a precedent for the new form of cinematic expression Neo-realism was thus a revival of the Risorgimento, the unfinished revolution which the young polemicists intended to complete, while at home and abroad the regime was giving increasingly clear signs of its imminent collapse. Neorealism was itself a revolution.Liehm sees many of the young filmmakers of the time as conscious revolutionaries pursuit artistic truth in cinema because the literary scene was too disorganized and scattered to be an effective vehicleThe struggle had to originate where the strongest arm was, carried out by film artists whose work was centered in the major cities, mainly in capital of Italy. After twenty-seven years of fascism, no other speciality had the stamina to create a social context for a new artistic movement.Visconti brought the setting of Italy to life, and setting would be an important component in neorealistic films. He made tacks from the original Cain story that argon significant in showing the intent of the filmmaker. Cains story is naturalistic, with characters encountering the accidental and failing in the face of arbitrary but not divine justice. For Visconti, this is not the way the universe operates instead, he sees a tragic outcome deriving from the necessary logic of the situation into which the characters be propelTurning Cains parable of arbitrariness into a demonstration of necessity required, however, more than a simple alteration of plot mechanics. It meant creating a new structured role model in which to define the actions of the characters, and consequently making the characters themselves different.Though the Fascists had accepted the story, they did not accept the finished product, and the censor refused to pass it. The young filmmakers objected and approached Mussolini, who saw nothing objectionable and passed it. However, when the last Mussolini government took refuge in the North, its members took the film with them in a cut version and destroyed the negative. The prints in existence today are from a duplicate possessed by Visconti. Ironically, the film was long unavailable in the West for quite a different r easoncopyright problems because of Cains novel.This element of the social statement was an important component in the leading neo-realist films, and indeed this element was feared by the fascists, who did not want their society depicted in any but the best light. With the end of Italian fascist rule, a different set of critical rulers was put in place. Roberto Rossellinis Open City is a film about Rome during the period of the German stock, and the conditions under which the film was slash mirror the situation in the film itself.The film was also important for what it said to the world of filmIt so completely reflected the moral and psychological atmosphere of this historical moment that it altered both the public and the critics to a new direction in Italian film. The conditions of its payoff (relatively little shooting in the studio, film stock bought on the black market and developed without the normal viewing of unremarkable rushes, postsynchronization of sound to avoid rese arch laboratory expenses, limited financial backing) did much to create many of the myths concerning neorealism.Rome at the time was a just-opened city, in that the Germans had just left, and the effects of the Nazi occupation were intelligibly still felt and contributed to the metaphoric meanings attached to the film. Much of the sense of the title is ironic, in that Rome was not even an open city at all in the time frame of the film, though that was the condition wished by the people and newly experienced by the filmmakers, who had themselves prayed for that release from the enclosure of the Nazi occupation.The period of the occupation is evoked as a time of great difficulty and trouble, and the edge open city then had a different meaning, in that the police wore armbands proclaiming Rome an open city, meaning it was not to be a military target based on the international rules of war. Although the police proclaimed the city open, it was actually a city tightly envelop by martia l law under the Germans. The penalty for nearly every infraction was death, giving the city the aura of an enclosed grave much of the time. Openness thus sometimes has a literal meaning, sometimes a metaphoric meaning, and sometimes an ironic meaning, in that the actuality belies any receptivity at all.The contrary nature of the title is evident in the American release version of the film, which begins with an explanation of the problems facing the filmmakers when they made the film, including having to shoot without proper equipment, tramp locked doors, and out of sight of the remaining Nazis until the Germans were finally gone from the city. Certainly, this description does not imply openness at all, but it does imply an attempt on the part of the filmmakers to create an openness through their art.In the opening scene, as the Italian partisan, Giorgio, flees his home when the Nazi soldiers arrive, Rossellini arguments the interior and the exterior, the intrusion of the Germans and the escape of Giorgio, in a way that challenges different ideas about openness. Giorgio has been enclosed in his home, though viewers first see him emerging into the openness of the exterior. He peers down through a lad in the roof to see the Germans as if they were in a small box. In truth, they are standing before his door. The interior of the apartment seems dwarfed by their presence, and they are therefore all the more enclosed by the walls and doorways that seem too small to hold them as they search the apartment. Ironically, the man hunted, a man all the way not free, is out in the open air, while the hunters, who presumably are free, are enclosed within the confines of his apartment.Immediately after this sequence, the explanation of the term open city is given as the commander of the German occupation uses a map to explain that the open city is divided into 14 zones, making controlling the populace with a minimum of force easier. The map itself encloses the open city, and the way the Nazis live in the city also belies its openness as further as they are concerned. Major Bergmann is asked how he met Giorgio, and he says in the usual wayhe met him when he was across the desk from him in the same room, for Bergmann takes pride in being able to bring anyone to his office that he wishes and in himself never leaving that office. He indeed states that he takes a stroll through the city every afternoon without leaving his desk. He is enclosed in his warped task and keeps himself as widely separated from the city and the people as possible.The Nazis in general act the city as something they pass through, not something of which they are a part. They understandably do not belong, just as they seem out of place in Giorgios apartment, squeezed by the walls as if the walls want them out. The office of Bergmann is no more hospitable, although it is much larger, and he and the Police Commissioner stand and talk together awkwardly, stiffly, with the map of Rom e amid them, the map divided up by the boundaries of the 14 zones. The Nazis have closed themselves off from the city they occupy, maintaining quarters distant from the people of Rome, avoiding contact, and indeed living separately because that is a mandate imposed on them by their leadership, fearful of fraternization and collaboration on any scale.Scene after scene creates an ironic contrast between the idea of Rome as an open city and the reality of different softs of closure. The people mass in the streets before shops trying to buy food, yet those shops are closed, with nothing to sell. The streets are open, but the buildings are truly closed, with no provisions and little hope of a changed situation in the near future.The film presents a certain tension, however, between the realism of its city streets and the underlying attitude taken by the director toward the materialThe tone of the work is thus furthermost more indebted to Rossellinis message of Christian humanism than it is to any programmatic attempt at cinematic realism. The good characters are set sharply apart from the subvert ones by their belief in what Francesco calls an impending springtime in Italy and a better tomorrow Marina is corrupted by Ingrid not because of political convictions but because she lacks reliance in herself and is therefore incapable of loving others.Cesare Zavattini, who co-wrote The Bicycle Thief with De Sica, is noted as the theoretical founder of Neo-Realism. As early as 1942 he called for a new kind of Italian film that would abolish contrived plots, take to the streets for its material, and do away with professional actors. According to Zavattini, plot was inauthentic because it imposed an coloured structure on everyday life. The unemployed family man in The Bicycle Thief and his son are the lead characters and both are non-actors who were coached by De Sica.Vittorio De Sica enjoin The Bicycle Thief in 1948, and, although this was after the war and after th e expulsion of the Fascists, the film is infused with De Sicas bitterness that few things had changed in societyWhile Rossellini was searching for personal freedom of facts, De Sica tried to find their human face. He discovered it not in the exceptional sorrow of the war but in the misery of daily life where the war was just one aspect of the human lot.De Sica had trouble interesting any producers in a story about so dalliance a subject as the theft of a bicycle, and he had to raise the funding himself by traveling all over Europe.Though the film is clearly critical of the social conditions of the time and challenged the authorities as a consequence, it is much more than a social document or tract. De Sica sees the problem in the psychological science of the people as much as in the structure of their society. He shows bureaucrats, police officials, and church people who have no understanding of the main characters quandary in having lost his bicycle, and he also shows that member s of the mans own class are no more sympathetic towards him.Bondanella states that De Sica sees a world in which economic solutions are ultimately ineffective in curing what is a meaningless, absurd, human predicament De Sicas carefully contrived visual effects underline the hopelessness of Riccis struggle, not merely the economic or political aspects of Italian society which have supposedly produced his dilemma.This is a double indictment of society, including as it does the people themselves as well as the establishment, and such a bleak view had to have an effect on the viewer. Certainly, this was not the picture of Italy that the authorities wanted to have presented to the world. In truth, De Sicas view was not that the authorities themselves were to blameSocial reform may transform the immediate situation De Sica described in 1948. Economic development will indeed change a society in which a stolen bicycle may signify hunger and deprivation. But no amount of social engineering or even revolution, De Sica seems to imply, will alter the basic facts of lifesolitude, loneliness, and alienation of the individual within the amorphous and unsympathetic body of humanity.Alfred Bazin was one critic who did not agree with De Sica on this point and who saw The Bicycle Thief as an indictment of the authorities. Bazin called the film the only valid Communist film of the whole past decade. Bazin also said the film represented a new form of pure cinema, a cinema with no actors, no sets, and no storyline in the traditional sense. Open City before had made use of real locations but had included actors and a more traditional storyline. The Bicycle Thief is thus the film that most represents what the world would come to see as the essence of neo-realism. It was also the beginning of a tradition that would be followed by others.The post-war government did not try to exercise the kind of control the fascists had wielded, and the establishment must have felt some ambivalence a bout a film that, on the one hand, criticized the establishment and all of Italian society in a stark and effective fashion and, on the other hand, brought acclaim and attention to the Italian film industry when it was praised and rewarded around the world. Italian neorealistic directors expressed their antipathy to either the structure of their society or the ways in which that society was controlled and directed in a variety of ways. Rossellini in Open City and De Sica in The Bicycle Thief each created a new form of cinematic expression, related in their underlying intentions and in certain rhetorical elements that link them even as other stylistic and thematic elements make them very different from one another. All challenged the prevailing establishment, however, and involved images and themes that many in authority believed did not reflect well on Italian society.These two films taken together contributed to the mythic view taken of the neorealist period. Open City was shot in a way that was new and different and that inspired a generation of filmmakers, including De Sica, who carried aspects of neorealism to a logical end.

Noise Pollution Essay -- Cause Effect Noise Environment Essays

ring PollutionAbstract No matchless on earth can escape the sounds of noise- an unwanted, disturbing sound that showcases a nuisance in the eye of the beholder. perturbation is a disturbance to the human environment that is escalating at such a high rate that it will accommodate a major threat to the quality of human lives. In the past thirty years, noise in all areas, especially in urban areas, buzz off been increasing rapidly. There are numerous effects on the human environment due to the increase in noise pollution. In the following paper, the cause and effects of noise pollution will be presented in some detail. Slowly, insensibly, we seem to accept noise and the physiological and psychological deterioration that accompanies it as an indispensable part of our lives. Although we attempt to set standards for some of the most major sources of noise, we often are unable to monitor them. Major sources of noise can be airplanes at takeoff and landing, and a truck just off the a ssembly line, yet we seem accept and enjoy countless other sounds, from hard rock symphony to loud Harley Davidson motor cycles. The following areas will be investigated in some detail adolescent education, neural-effects, sleep, hearing damage, occupational environment, transportation, and physiological effects.Introduction Almost everyone has had one experience of being temporarily deafened by a loud noise. This deafness in not permanent, although it is often accompanied by a band in the ears, and one can hear another person if he raises his voice. Likewise, normal hearing comes back within a few hours at most. This pick out of partial hearing loss is called Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) (Bugliarello, et al., 1976). A TTS may be experienced after firing a gun or... ...aft Noise and Psychiatric Hospital Admissions Conducted in the Same Area. Psychol. Med Vol. 9 681-693. Maser, A. Sorensen, and Krypter, K. 1978. Effects of Intrusive Sound on Classroom Behavior Data from a Suc cessful Lawsuit. San Francisco. Peterson, W. H. and Northwood, T. D. 1981. Noise raised blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Science Vol. 211 1450-1452. United States National Industrial Pollution Control Council (NIPCC), 1970 Vallet, M. Psychophysiological 1979. Effects of Exposure to Aircraft or to Traffic Noise. Proc. Inst. Acoustics Vol. 3 1-4. Von Bekesy, George. 1957. The Ear, Scientific American, 197 61-67 Council on Environmental Quality. 1979. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. The Extent of the Noise Problem. WHO Report. 1990. UN Conference.

Cholera Essay examples -- Vibrio cholerae Infection Disease

CholeraThe disease, epidemic cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum (105). Cholera is characterized by the most signifi buttt symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can nod off up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, and it is further fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ship canal of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the tests and diagnosis for cholera, and finally, the ways the cholera bacterium may be transmitted. IntroductionCholera is a disease caused by the cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae infecting the intestines. Usually, the illness is l enient, and for some, symptoms of cholera never however present, but sometimes, the disease can also be severe. A severe case of cholera is characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, fast loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours (Cholera Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment). Normally, in a gentler case of cholera, the infected person only has mild diarrhea. In 5-10% of cases, however, patients develop very severe watery diarrhea and vomiting from 6 hours to 5 days after exposure to the bacterium. In these cases, the loss of voluminous amounts of fluids can rapidly lead to severe dehydration. In the absence of adequate treatment, death can occur within hours (Cholera Symptoms, Ca... ...a Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. MedicineNet.Com. 31 Aug. 2005. . 9.) Cholera Treatment. mayonnaiseClinic.Com. 30 Mar. 2007. Mayo origination for Medical Education and Research. .10.) Frequently Ask ed Questions and Information for Travellers. World health Organization. .11.) Goodwin, Charles S., ed. Microbes and Infections of the Gut. Melbourne, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Boston Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984. 103-113.12.) Oneal, Jackie. Bengladesh Medical Study on Cholera. Kidsnewsroom.Org. 13.) Treatment of Cholera. World Health Organization. . Cholera Essay examples -- Vibrio cholerae Infection DiseaseCholeraThe disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not admi nistered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the tests and diagnosis for cholera, and finally, the ways the cholera bacterium may be transmitted. IntroductionCholera is a disease caused by the cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae infecting the intestines. Usually, the illness is mild, and for some, symptoms of cholera never even present, but sometimes, the disease can also be severe. A severe case of cholera is characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours (Cholera Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment). Normally, in a gentler case of cholera, the infected person only has mild diarrhea. In 5-10% of cases, however, patients develop very severe watery diarrhea and vomiting from 6 hours to 5 days after exposure to the b acterium. In these cases, the loss of large amounts of fluids can rapidly lead to severe dehydration. In the absence of adequate treatment, death can occur within hours (Cholera Symptoms, Ca... ...a Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. MedicineNet.Com. 31 Aug. 2005. . 9.) Cholera Treatment. MayoClinic.Com. 30 Mar. 2007. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. .10.) Frequently Asked Questions and Information for Travellers. World Health Organization. .11.) Goodwin, Charles S., ed. Microbes and Infections of the Gut. Melbourne, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Boston Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984. 103-113.12.) Oneal, Jackie. Bengladesh Medical Study on Cholera. Kidsnewsroom.Org. 13.) Treatment of Cholera. World Health Organization. .