the organisation :: essays research papers

In a time of peace and prosperity one of the most brutal organisations ever known to man was formed. An organisation made up of murders, theives, and rapists. The organization weve come to know as the Nazis.On January 2,1919, two men by the names of Karl Harrer and Anton Drexler founded a group called the German Workers Party. It started out as nothing more than a few blue collar workers getting together to gripe about the government. Anton Drexler was described by Robert Leckie in his book delivered from perversive as a toolmaker in the munich railyard a working man. He was a tall, spare man, as undistinguished as his dab of mustache and rimless glasses.(38) only when this harmless simple group was about to take a turn for the worse. On september 19,leured by the possibility to make hisself known, Adolf Hitler joined the german workers society. abject quick Hitler soon became the public speaker for the party. With obtaining this position Hitler could finaly let the people hear his views. When he outlined the parties platform he put the german workers party in a positon to bring about a political power in germany and capitalizing on this oppertunaty they changed their names from german workers party to the National Socalist German workers party, which would soon become known as the Nazi party.(lace 9)Nothing more was heard from germanys Nazi party for another tether years untill the morning of november 8, 1923, when a column of three thousand Nazis marched toward Munichs central plaza. Arm-in-arm infront were Ludendorff, Goring, Hitler, and max von scheubner-Richter the four leaders of the Nazi party. At the odenplatz they found their way barred by a hundredd police arm with bayonets fixed to their rifles. As the two forces were about to come together, a shot rang out no one could tell from which side. In an instant there were volleys of gunshot from both directions. Goring fell, shot in the thigh, scheubner-richter was fatally wounded and, in falling, d ragged Hitler to the pavement and separated his shoulder. Nineteen Nazis were killed and dozens were wounded. Only lundendorff continued to march foregoing and was arrested on the spot. The so-called Beer Hall Putsch had failed. Two days later Hitler was arrested. Goring and Hess fled to Austria. Rohm and the other top Nazis were rounded up and arrested. The party was declared banned by the government.

Anorexia and Bulimia :: Eating Disorders, Anorexia, Bulimia Nervosa

Why does food become a deadly enemy for some people? Well, society continues to send the message to small women and even to a small number young men (more and more men are becoming victims of eating disorders these days) that to be happy and successful genius must be thin, which causes them to starv and/or binge and purge themselves in an attempt to gain what the media considers an ideal figure. The media is full of toothpick thin models, in which women desire to be like. Women very much need to be in the feel of being in control, it is an ongoing battle they encounter with perfection. Bulimia nervosa is a disorder with psychological, and physiological effects. It is an eating disorder, prevalent especially among young women of normal weight, that is characterized by episodic binge eating. Bingeing is defined as the rapid consumption of a large amount of food, of ten a bulimic person will eat more in two hours than a normal person would consume in an entire day. Binges are oft en followed by feelings of guilt, shame, loss of control, anxiety and depression. These negative feelings, especially anxiety and shame lead to bulimic fashions, such as purging. The most roughhewn purging behavior is vomiting, which is a way to dispose of the calories and fat taken in that causes weight gain orally. The other way of diposing calories and fat are the use of laxatives, it is not as common as vomiting. There is more pain caused to the anus when using laxitives, then there is pain to the throat when vomiting, thats why laxatives are a less common way and vomiting is a more common way.Exact causes of bulimia nervousa are unknown even though in studies there is some yard that an occurring brain chemical may influence eating behaviors, because it is in connection to the regulation of food intake. Growing/constant peer pressure is also a big help of causing bulimia, as well as low self-esteem. Young women with an older sister, mom, or even friend that has an eating dis order is ten times more likely to develop one herself, than any other child on their own. There are psychological factors of body dissatisfaction, self-esteem (as give tongue to before), perfectionism and abuse-associated with bulimia nervosa and women. While perfectionism and abuse have been risk factors in the models of bulimia, body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem seem to contribute more to bulimic behavior.

A Visual Approach to Programming :: Essays Papers

A Visual Approach to Programming In 1984, researchers at Hiroshima University started developing the layout for what would be called optical programming languages. Currently, many programmers use textual languages, which make the user produce text (one-dimensional) which is translated into one long stream of information. The goal for visual languages was to ...bridge the chasm between high train programming and the human level (Levialdi). The researchers wanted to create languages that could display data and programs two dimensionally and have the graphical interface look much like what would soon be a electronic net kick the bucket page (McIntyre). These languages are designed to be simpler while being able to construct more complicated programs than its predecessors. Some critics of visual languages state that so cold no visual languages have been standardized or utilized to serve more general purposes. Some programmers believe ...most visual languages that have been used orthogonal the research community have been targeted to very specific domains (Citrin, para.1). Most visual languages are in fact used for specific purposes in the development industry. As compared to spoken or written languages, visual computer languages are extremely new. Spoken languages have been around for thousands of years, while visual computer languages are not even twenty years old. However, there are some upcoming conferences being devoted to developing standards for the next generation of visual computing environments. tear down though these computer languages are relatively new, companies still decide to utilize them. IBM created a visual language called OpenDX, which is ...designed to allow users to visualize both observed and fictive data...and developers to quickly create programs along with interactive controls (Thompson). Although this software is not meant for a wide audience, the visual programming community is already making usable visual languages and just n eeds clip to grow and progress to further the reach of the language. The other major criticism of using visual languages was from the advanced programmers. Many tell that it would be difficult to relearn different programming strategies two-dimensionally. While learning most programming techniques require hard work, using two-dimensional programs can work a lot better for the company or group of programmers as a whole. For many companies, the motto time is money is very accurate. Development time for programs is usually slim. An objective of visual programming environments is to help companies conserve money by cutting production time.

Why the Major Cities of Britain Were Bombed by the Germans in 1940 - 19

Why the Major Cities of Britain Were Bombed by the Germans in 1940 - 1941 Immediately after the defeat of France in the June of 1940, Adolf Hitler gave his generals the orders to organise the attack of Britain. This plan was code-named subroutine Sealion and its objective was to land 160,000 German fighters along a forty mile stretch of south-east Englands coast. It was only a few weeks before a boastfully fleet of vessels was ready for attack. Among them 2000 barges lay waiting for the go ahead in German, Belgian and French harbours. As Hitlers generals were concerned about the damage the R.A.F could inflict upon their armada the invasion was postponed until the British air force had been annihilated. On 12th August the mass bomber attacks on radar stations, aircraft factories and fighter airfields began This attack was followed by daily raids on Britain, this became the beginning of the Battle of Britain. Although these plans were drawn up Hitler wa s never very keen on them, his lack of enthusiasm caused their abandonment on October the 12th 1940. Instead of invasion Hitler switched his efforts to pounding Britain into submission with gruesome sustained nightly bombing campaign. Blitz the German word for lightening was applied by the British press to the raids carried out everywhere Britain in 1940 and 1941. This concentrated direct bombing of industrial targets and civilian centres began on 7th September 1940 with to a great extent raids on capital of the United Kingdom and other major cities. Manchester (marked (A) London Belfast Sheffield Coventry Portsmouth Glasgow Edinburgh Canterbury Newcastle Norwich Su... ...r pipe. Censorship of photographs was very common during the blitz. Photographs were not always censored because they showed death and disasters of the worst kind, but also because they portrayed the misery and angst of civilians, and represent the widening gap betw een the ways of life of the working classes in comparison. However all the censorship could not hide the damage nor repair it and it could not erase the images of burning and dismembered corpses in the minds of the people. Although the people stoically stood shoulder-to-shoulder against the onslaught, what they suffered was nothing compared to what the Germans were going to suffer. As Sir Arthur (bomber) Harris said when he had the new generation of long-range heavy bombers at his disposal They have sown the wind, now they will reap the whirlwind.

Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace -- Internet Web Papers

Freedom of saving in CyberspaceIntroduction As the Internet has become more widely recognized and used by masses all over the world, it has brought a recent medium in which information can very easily be broadcast to everyone with access to it. In 1995 at that place was a projected 26 million Internet users, which has grown to almost 300 million today. One major problem with this is that everyone represents varied countries and provinces which have different outtakes on certain types of freedom of speech as well as different laws most it. This drives a new type of law that would need to be written in order to determine whether or not something is illegal on the Internet. A person in one country can educe what they want to, but that expression may be illegal in another country and in this situation whose laws are to be followed? What I propose to do accomplish in this paper is to discuss the freedom of speech laws of the United States of America and those of France, China , and Canada. I will examine what about them is similar and what about them is different. The bringing of the Internet has brought many new types of businesses as well as ways in order to communicate with the world, but as with each new endeavor or invention, there needs to be a way in order to govern its use and policies. There must also be ways in order to punish those not following the new laws and policies of use, since that the country that the person is in may allow what they did, but it may not be allowed on the Internet or in a different country. In other words, there is the need for international laws governing the Internet.Freedom of Speech in Other Countries FranceOne famous discrepancy in speech laws differing in two countries was that of the United States of America and France in the year of 2000. The French brass was suing Yahoo, a US web search company who also has a sales division. Yahoo had web pages that were selling Nazi memorabilia on its US based website. The charge was that the company had violated French laws prohibiting the advertisement, exhibition or sale of any objects likely to incite racial hatred, and that it had offended the collective memory of the country - an allusion to the final solution years - by allowing online auctions of Nazi paraphernalia.One may think that this case would end easily by saying that a US based web... ... US is a successful one. People should have their right to thought and to express what they believe and think freely to whoever they want. In Canada I believe that the CRIA should follow the mock up of the RIAA, because it is wrong to steal music from other people. Laws should be made so that one artists copyrighted music is protected over the Internet, no matter what country the person trying to download it is residing in.Bibliography .Guardian Unlimited. August 11, 2000. Regulating the net http//www.guardian.co.uk/theissues/article/0,6512,353264,00.htmlThe Economist. August 9, 2001. Puttin g it in its place http//www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/telecom/puttingitinitsplace.html bath Naughton. November 26, 2000. Yahoo For brave French courts http//observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,402959,00.htmlJennifer Lee. August 30, 2001. U.S. May Help Chinese Evade Net Censorshiphttp//www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/telecom/nyt08302001.pdfNua Internet How many another(prenominal) Online http//www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/world.htmlJay Lyman. December 17, 2003. Canadian Recording Industry Hunts P2P Usershttp//www.ecommercetimes.com/perl/story/32426.html

Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace -- Internet Web Papers

Freedom of Speech in CyberspaceIntroduction As the Internet has make more widely recognized and used by people all over the world, it has brought a new medium in which information can very(prenominal) slow be broadcast to everyone with access to it. In 1995 there was a projected 26 billion Internet users, which has grown to almost 300 million today. One major problem with this is that everyone represents different countries and provinces which have different outtakes on certain types of freedom of speech as well as different laws active it. This proposes a new type of law that would need to be written in direct to determine whether or not something is illegal on the Internet. A somebody in one demesne can express what they want to, but that expression may be illegal in an different country and in this situation whose laws are to be followed? What I propose to do accomplish in this paper is to discuss the freedom of speech laws of the United States of the States and those of France, China, and Canada. I will examine what about them is similar and what about them is different. The bringing of the Internet has brought m any(prenominal) new types of businesses as well as ways in order to communicate with the world, but as with each new endeavor or invention, there needs to be a way in order to govern its use and policies. There must also be ways in order to punish those not following the new laws and policies of use, since that the country that the person is in may allow what they did, but it may not be allowed on the Internet or in a different country. In other words, there is the need for international laws governing the Internet.Freedom of Speech in Other Countries FranceOne famous discrepancy in speech laws differing in ii countries was that of the United States of America and France in the year of 2000. The French government was suing Yahoo, a US web search company who also has a gross revenue division. Yahoo had web pages that were selling Nazi memorabilia on its US based website. The charge was that the company had violated French laws prohibiting the advertisement, exhibition or sale of any objects likely to incite racial hatred, and that it had offended the collective memory of the country - an allusion to the Holocaust years - by allowing online auctions of Nazi paraphernalia.One may call in that this case would end easily by saying that a US based web... ... US is a successful one. People should have their right to thought and to express what they believe and think freely to whoever they want. In Canada I believe that the CRIA should follow the model of the RIAA, because it is wrong to steal music from other people. Laws should be made so that one operatives copyrighted music is protected over the Internet, no matter what country the person trying to download it is residing in.Bibliography .Guardian Unlimited. August 11, 2000. Regulating the net http//www.guardian.co.uk/theissues/ oblige/0,6512,353264,00.h tmlThe Economist. August 9, 2001. Putting it in its place http//www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/telecom/puttingitinitsplace.htmlJohn Naughton. November 26, 2000. Yahoo For brave French courts http//observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,402959,00.htmlJennifer Lee. August 30, 2001. U.S. May Help Chinese Evade Net Censorshiphttp//www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/telecom/nyt08302001.pdfNua Internet How Many Online http//www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/world.htmlJay Lyman. December 17, 2003. Canadian Recording Industry Hunts P2P Usershttp//www.ecommercetimes.com/perl/story/32426.html

ALDI Business expansion through training and development Essay

Aldi (short for Albrecht Discounts) is a globally operating and expanding discount retailer with all over 8,000 bloodlines all over the world. The order was founded in 1913 in Germany by two brothers. In 1960 the occasion Albrecht KG was separated in Aldi Sued and Aldi Nord. The headquarters be set in Essen (Aldi Nord) and Mlheim an der Ruhr (Aldi Sued). Both companies still perplex a friendly relation and use the same brands occasionally but operate independently. Aldi Nord operates in Denmark, the Benelux countries, France, the Iberian Peninsula and Poland. Aldi Sued makes its business transactions in countries including Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece, Switzerland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, USA and Australia. In Austria and Slovenia Aldi is represented by Hofer KG. Overall Aldi is one of the worlds biggest grocery gyves. The sales system is well known as they offer the opportunity to buy cheap and good/fresh food. The main focus is on key markets in Europe, wedlock America and Australia. Store layouts be simple and opening hours focus e finickyly on the busiest times of the day. The retailer is a specialist in food, beverage and family line items but within the long time the portfolio was extended.The friendship acts now among other things for congresswoman, as travel agency. Many of the offered products are own brands. The number of other brands is limited to a maximum of two for an item. Therefore it is possible to keep the shops smaller and to sell a larger quantity of a specific brand. The slogan Spend a little, live a lot reflects the strategy of Aldi. In a nutshell to keep prices low they are not taking effort on presenting their variety of goods. oecumenical main competitors of Aldi are Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., METRO AG and Lidl Dienstleistung GmbH & Co. KG. Particular Austrian competitors are Zielpunkt, Norma and Penny. The strategy of the mentioned chains is similar. They are all driving their main business in the food industry as they are primarily competing on price in order to increase their market share. Main customers are bigger families, domestic heap and people with less income. The marketing mix of e real business is antithetic. Aldi focusses on providing high quality products that are cheaper alternatives to famous brands. Moreover, the advertising strategy is genuinely simple and cost saving.A classify from a weekly newsletter ofspecial offers Aldi is not advertising at all. Primarily this low price grocery chains arose due to the increasing population and economic challenges. Therefore it was necessary to construct bigger excogitatets which resulted in fewer and larger firms. This had a negative effect on farmers return and all of a sudden people started to concern about the products they were consuming. Aldi was really hard affected by these changes and implemented sustainable products. Now they offer peculiarly in the diary product sector regional goods. Certainly heavy to mention is the simple organization structure of Aldi. The really flat management hierarchy allows leaders to get their people known. At Aldi managers should be open for new ideas, improvements and it is common to involve all employees in finis making. They represent a philosophy of promoting and alimenting talents within the organization.Consequently the performance of each employee is recognized easier. As the responsibility is increasing within promotions it is essential to support a transparent and effective decision making system. Subsequent the discretion of the Aldi organizational chart. On the very top of the management is the Vice Pre typefacent followed by several Directors like Director of Warehousing & Transportation and Director of Administration. The District Managers are directly reporting to the Director of Operations and are leading the individual(a) Store Management Teams. The number of Store Employees is based on the frequency of customer visits.Worth to mention is also fina ncial situation. The revenue of Aldi was not promulgated until 2000. Since 2001, Aldi Nord publishes its numbers in the Federal Gazette. Sales in Germany in 2010 amounted to 22.5 billion euros. Furthermore the worldwide turnover was 52.8 billion euros. Aldi Nord and Aldi Sued are completely family owned. The capital is very solid and Aldi has no liabilities. Aldi Nord owns all logistic centers. Leased objects are increasingly replaced by own objects. Aldi Sued also owns almost all buildings and land but had to latch on money for further expansion properties. So they left the path of total independence. The return on sales constitutes between 3 and 3.7 % in 2010. The core set and principles that the brothers founded are still important for decision making today.These are presented from the management team as follows Consistency leads to reliability. We mean what we say. We are consistent in our dealing withpeople, product, price and all other aspects of our day to day professiona l life. Simplicity creates efficiency, clarity and clear orientation within our organization as well as for our customers. Responsibility stands for our commitment towards our people, customers, partners and the environment. It also includes principles such as fairness, honesty, openness, service orientation and friendliness. Aldi places great emphasis in efficient human resource teaching. In the mundane sales business they try to keep everything simple and cheap. This tush only be realized with an increase of caller-outs performance. Furthermore it demonstrates how the education and turn outment program ensures that their employees have the required skills. First of all the goal is to identify readiness needs in order to be prepared for the future. It is mandatory to plan both, the number of creamers and specific skills and requirements.The company can then recruit new staff and is furthermore able to ensure that training and increase programs are effectuate when needed . Training needs are identified through constant monitoring of the companys performance. Aldi expands rapidly and therefore it is necessary to recruit more than 4,000 people within the next 12 months. Therefore the retailer follows the strategy to offer industry-leading salaries to make sure that they also attract the best candidates. Clear and detailed wrinkle descriptions help the Human Resource Department to encounter people with the right set of skills and competencies. Moreover there is carry through of interview and assessment where managers will find out if the applying person fits. After the most suitable candidate is recruited the training period starts.Depending on the fleck different trainee programs are offered. For example as a district manager you have to participate in a nearly one-year long training. This program is divided into several different phases where knowledge and skills are being strengthened. Furthermore the new recruits learn about the philosophy of A ldi and its expectations of them to make them feel part of the family. The training and development continues throughout the course with internal and foreign training seminars. Besides the effect of higher business efficiency training can enhance and motivate staff. Promotions are quite encouraging as personalized growth and development is very much appreciated and supported. On the one side Aldi expects an immediate contribution to the business but on the other side they provide special trainings to help developing their careers within the company. Over85% of Aldi Directors are recruited within the company. They start after school or college and work themselves up into the general management.Additionally, they offer also an international Expatriate program. This is especially for experienced District Managers who want to learn more about the business in an tout ensemble different culture. Aldi is looking for individuals who are willing to develop themselves further. What is mor e is that Aldi offers an internship of 10 weeks. During this period interns are given real responsibilities and they have the opportunity to show their competencies and skills. This work placement is for students in undergraduate or graduate programs and is well paid. Internships are very common in such big companies as they offer options for both, the company and the intern. The company has the chance to test the employee for a few weeks and can then decide to offer high potentials a permanent position. However, this is also an advantage for terminable employees because they do not have to sign a permanent contract. Furthermore, Aldi uses on-the-job trainings to continue the training of the employees. This form of education is taking place in the workings environment. Skills are improved by dealing with daily challenges and employees get the chance to learn through re-equipment and materials.Another advantage is that feedback is given right after the consummation of the task. Be sides also Aldi benefits by saving costs as they don not lose working time and a specific training is although provided. In a nutshell, on-the-job training is very economical. There are four different forms of providing on-the-job trainings Coaching The trainee will be trained by a senior employee. These coaches are providing instructions to the trainees to improve their knowledge about the daily work processes. Even though coaching is often used wrongly as a synonym for mentoring. Mentoring Is characterized by a strong communication between the trainee and the mentor. The main role of a mentors is to guide and help the trainee.Additionally communication. Compared to coaching the family relationship of these two parties is more personal. Job rotation Means that employees are moved within different positions just for a planned period of time. As a result they should be able to gain a wider variety of knowledge and learn about the processes in other departments. Sitting next to Nelli e Is a training very special technique where skills are provided by working alongside to a colleague. This method is very popular. It shows much moreefficiently than reading or studying a written documentation. At Aldi the training follows the principle tell, show, do. First of all the process is explained by the manager followed by a demonstration. later the trainee has to conduct the task and the manager observes. All kind of positions follow this structure.Prospective area managers get the possibility to become acquainted with different departments. Thus the trainees substantiate how each department and processes relates to each other. In the trainee period of one year they are supported from an area manager and they get the possibility to represent the furcate manager for four to six weeks. In addition to on-the-job trainings Aldi provides off-the-job trainings as well. As indicated, these trainings are taking place away from work. Whereas on-the-job training is very specific , off-the-job training transfers more general skills which are transferable and therefore can be used in many parts of the company. Aldi uses this kind of development for courses application Hiring Techniques Recruitment, interviewing and selectionEmployment lawInfluencing skillsPerformance reviews (appraisals)Aldi Management System (how to develop and performance manage people) Off-the-job training shows positive outcomes like motivated staff and great staff productivity. Moreover it provides employees with better skills and Aldi profits from improved customer service. Beside these positive aspects it must be admitted that off-the-job training creates higher payroll costs. These additional costs are shown in payments for the trainings organization, the training itself and absenteeism which has to be covered from other employees. Aldi decides whether on-the-job or off-the-job training is more suitable for the given aspect of training. In general the different internal and external training seminars accompany employees through their whole career. Aldi defines learning and growth as a career-long process where there is always an opportunity for more.An example for the combination of internal and external training is Aldis apprentice scheme. Beside the regular apprenticeship the trainees are studying for an NVQ (national vocational qualification) in Retail Apprenticeship. When the traineeship ends after 3 years the apprenticesgained Level 3 advanced qualification. Due to the growth of Aldi, trainees have good opportunities to be promoted. Fully trained have the possibility to acquire a position as a deputy manager or assistant store manager. The next step on their career ladder is to become a store manager. All these forms of training provide employees with work-related knowledge and skills that are needed to carry out their jobs. Besides on-the-job and off-the-job training there is another possibility to take the employees of a company. Development is simila r to training as it supports personal growth and improves skills which are directly related to the job.Furthermore, employees gain qualifications and which results in a higher esteem in the job market. At first glance it looks as if companies do not benefit from development, but they do in every way. Beyond employees can be used more flexible. Additionally they are able to take over more responsibility. Moreover, people are considered to be an important member of the business. Hence, the company cares about the performance and capabilities of employees, which enhances motivation. Aldi is greatly aware that further development of employees increases the change of losing high potentials. Due to better knowledge people are more plausibly to leave as other companies often promise better career objectives. Nevertheless Aldi is conscious of this risk but in order to remain competitive they prefer to invest in human capital. As this food retailer has a lot of subsidiaries it is possible to offer its employees relocation to different international countries. This helps to develop all-round expertise and motivation.At first, strengths and weaknesses of each employee need to be identified. Next step is to help them to improve their skills. To support this process Aldi launched an appraisal form. In this special system the manager and the employee evaluate the past and current performance. According to this process it is easier to decide which development is necessary or useful for the individual. A very important procedure is also the personal goal setting. At Aldi managers and employees work very close together to find the right targets. The discounter also tries to attract especially university students. Students have the possibility to prove their theoretical knowledge during a one year long working experience. They enjoy the first time to be part of a company.Moreover Aldi benefits greatly from this system. If the students are doing well they usually get a perman ent job offer. In thiscase no further recruiting process is needed and subsequent time and money can be saved. In a nutshell Aldi puts great emphasis on training and development. Even though the company does not have a human resource department, it is rewarded with number 6 in The Times Top degree Celsius Graduate Employers 2013. 85% of all directors have been recruited within the company this shows that the firm has a strong policy for internal recruitment. So promotion is permitted to every employee. Another factor of success is that staff is recruited from schools or colleges. The appropriate on- or off-the-job training guarantees that recruits are well-trained and lays the foundation of the employees careers. The retailers global competitor Wal-Mart has a similar training and development strategy. Wal-Mart uses a training and development system inspired by Nike.The difference to Aldi is the e-training process, which is a web-based training concentrating on selling skills and pr oduct knowledge. Besides all these positive aspects some valuations of former employees on the internet tell another story. Zeit online reports that discounters like Aldi are fallen into disrepute and try to clear their names as good employers with training and development offers. On the one hand former employees are largely satisfied with Aldis further development, but on the other hand they claim that the promised prospects for promotions and career are rare. To guarantee that every employee gets equal career development opportunities, we would suggest a development account like Fraport AG uses. Fraport is the operator of the airport capital of Kentucky and organizes staff development with the so called Q-Card (qualification card).The Q-Card is a credit account for further development, which gives each of the 13,000 employees the chance to redeem 600 per annum for personal development. If the development credit is not consumed, it expires on their own responsibility. All in all, Aldi has an effective way to train and develop staff. Open communication of the career prospects brings orientation for recruits and employees. The flat management hierarchy unite with career possibilities enables the staff to take over responsibility. Training ensures well-trained employees and promotion is open to all staff. In respect of staff development Aldi deservers number 6 of the 100 Graduate Employers 2013. Primarily, people associate Aldi with cheap products, but hardly anyone knows that they care about their employees especially in staff development. (2739 words)Reference Listhttp//www.aldi.com/?aldiurl=truehttps//corporate.aldi.co.uk/en/responsibility/our-people/everyone-achieving-their-best/ https//www.hofer.at/http//www.aldi.de/

Prevention of Stress

To abet reduce stress and improve the quality of life, galore(postnominal) organizations be becoming much involved in wellness programmes. With increasing health care costs, many employers are concentrating on disease prevention and health promotion. By putting a wellness program in place, it leads to a healthier croakforce which increases its productivity level, reduces employee absenteeism, creates less overtime, and it also cuts the cost of health benefits (Kizer, 1987). another(prenominal) reason that many companies are developing a wellness program within the organization is the effect it has on the bottom line.By preventing stress, an organization has happy healthy employees which means t quality and total of action will be improved. For example A middle manager may be a companys shining star, but if he is living in constant disharmony at home, or if his teenage daughter, whom he suspects is using street drugs, did not come home until 3 a. m. last Saturday night this brilliant manager is not going to be particularly efficient at even routine daily tasks. A swear outsite wellness program could help (Kizer, 1987, p. 36). Another contributing f exertionor to higher job related stress is less leisure and vacation time.Throughout the 1980s, the amount of paid time off for employees is act shrinking. Many European workers are gaining vacation time, while Americans are losing it. In the last decade, U. S. workers have gotten less paid time off on the entrap of three and a half fewer days each year of vacation time, holidays, sick pay, and other paid absences. (Schor, 1991 p. 32). Many companies faced an economic condense in the 1980s. Vacations and holidays were among the cost-cutting efforts. DuPont reduced its top vacation allotment time from seven four weeks.They also eliminated three of their paid holidays a year. With the new trend of downsizing, many employees are fearful of job loss and therefore, spend less time away from the workplace (Schor, 1991, p. 32). Individuals who experience high or frequent levels of stress call for to learn to cope. High levels of stress can effect job performance and it can also be unhealthy. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, people contract to attempt to take responsibility for stress. Those individuals need to learn more astir(predicate) stress in general and how it effects them.They also need to develop technique. for observe ad hominem levels of stress and develop techniques to mass with job related stress. Employees should look within the organization on ways to alleviate stress and how to cope more effectively. Organizations an often unnecessarily stressful and should be changed to reduce the negative impact on individuals physical and mental health (Paine, 1982, p. 21). Three major strategies for strengthening individuals are workshops, stress management skills, and tensenessed short term counseling. Introductory workshops are essential to communicate and educate to be mor e mentally and physically healthy.such(prenominal) workshops which specialize in topics as time management or relaxation techniques help to alleviate the stress in ones life (Paine, 1982, p. 22). Finding techniques that deal with individual(prenominal) stress can also be useful in dealing with job stress. Regular aerobic exercise to deep breathing techniques are potentially useful in stress management. Many specialist agree that there is not any one method to overcome the problem. One needfully to confirm their own self needs and strengths in dealing with stress management (Paine, 1982, p. 23). There are many different ways in which you can deal with job stress.Individuals can take on simple self-help countermeasures. There is also help from friends, colleagues, spouse, or other relatives. Professional help is available from clergymen, physicians, or counselors. The worksite offers several(prenominal) advantages for employees interested in making healthy lifestyle changes. The ad vantages include Most employees go to a worksite on a regular schedule, thus providing opportunities for regular community in wellness programs. Contact with co-workers can provide strong social support which is believed to be a primary force in sustaining lifestyle changes.Opportunities for strong, steady support of the program, as well as for promoting the concept that good health is good for everyone. Programs at the worksite may be less expensive to the employee than comparable programs in the community or may even be offered free as an employee benefit. Because of the varity of data systems available, it is possible to evaluate changes in an employees health status or other measures resulting from the program. The most attractive feature from an employees viewpoint is the fact that the program is convenient.From the employers viewpoint the benefits of worksite health promotion for stress include amend employee relations Improved retention Improved community relations. Reduce d absenteeism Reduced number of hours lost to late arrivals and sick davs. Since theres no getting around lifes problems, the better way to manage stress is to learn better coping skills. First pinpoint the reasons for stress in your life. Then try changing your attitude about them. Learn what you can control and accept the things you cannot. Practice self talk (this to shall pass, Some day we will laugh about this, or Its a acquire experience).Keep your perspective. Ask yourself, Will I remember this in five years? Try to find the positive side to a stressful situation. Do not worry about things that may never happen. Practice positive self-talk, for example,I can do this,or Im in control. Negative self-talk such as, I have to be perfect, or I cant do this, produces more stress. Take action to manage stress. Changes and stress create energy. Are you using that energy to hatch toward your goals? Or are you letting stress make you unhappy and unproductive? Take action to control your stress, both at work and at home. manipulate your time better- make a to do list. Make it realistic so you can do the things listed and devise priorities. Break task into bite size chunks. ascribe as much as possible. Keep in mind that tomorrow is another day and accept the fact that you may not get everything do today. Make sure you are communicating effectively- Go into stressful meetings as fully prepared as possible. Organize your thoughts, establish eye contact and harken for the whole message, including content feelings, and meanings. Remember that solving problems depends on give and take. Be prepared to negotiate and compromise.Break the tension cycle-At your desk, close your eyes, breathe deeply and relax. laugh with co-workers, go out for lunch. At home, read a book, take a walk, chat with next door neighbors. Gets plenty of regular exercise and sleep-they will help you cope better. Get organized at home-Set daily and weekly routines for household chores. Delegat e about chores to other family members. Cook meals in large quantities and freeze some for later. Plan for emergencies, hang on first aid supplies and an extra set of car keys around. Stress can affect your self-esteem and your health, if you let it.Be kind to yourself. Relax, keep a positive attitude and get involved in activities you enjoy. Build on your strengths, take care of yourself Also team to reach out to others. Everyone needs a support system, a network of trustworthy people you care about and who care about you. Share your feelings so that they dont build up. Then focus on building positive energy. Stress is a normal, involuntary response to any demand made upon the body. Stress is very complex. Sources of stress may be made either more positive or more negative by a range of factors related to a given situation.Stress has plump a widely used yet poorly understood term. As a result, a number of misconceptions about stress exist. Three of the most set misconceptions a re that all stress is dab, stress is a part of life and there is nothing you can do about it, and stress is caused solely and on the whole by environmental factors. Stress is very much a personal condition, and individuals vary in their ability to cope with different forms and levels of stress. An example of this stress on a personal note would be co-worker conflict. When this stress occurs co-workers should discuss this matter privately.If possible, arrange your meeting on neutral grounds. Approach the person in a non-threatening manner. Respond to them with I would like to talk something over with you. Try to make the other person feel less defensive or angry. Do not blame the other person. Listen closely to the other person. Understanding the other point of view may help you feet less stressful. Focus on ways to solve the problem. In this I mean do not revisit every past negative incident, this may distract from the resolution. Finally if no(prenominal) of the above work, seek help.If necessary talk with an employee assistance counselor who can help develop ground rules for such discussions and promote respectful communications. Stress is a complex process. It can arise in white collar as well as in blue-collar workers. Surveys have found little expiration between white and blue-collar workers in terms of complaints, health, life satisfaction, depression, or other indicators of stress. Shift workers are thought to be more susceptible to stress-related illnesses. Because of personal involvement with the disruption in basic steep patterns and disruption in social life.Since every situation is unique, there are probably as many separate sources of stress as there are work situation. This may is important to recognize when seeking to evaluate working environments for sources of stress. Never the less sources of work related stress can be grouped into four general categories. Work load-which means stress resulting from to much work, to little work, work that is to hard or to easy. Work conditions-refers to a wide variety of factors including organization structure, such as job loss, change in work, and similar factors.Work patterns- pertains to shift work, repetitive work, and paced work Work roles-, which can be stressful because of role expectations with efficient use of resources and staff. Employers may also wish to introduce an EAP, which provides an effective strategy for assisting employees with personal and work related problems. Where organizations believe it would be necessary to make decisions about the quality of the proposed program. Such decisions should be made on the basis of a well-defined set of criteria. The following set of eight criteria for evaluating and selecting a stress intervention program is suggested.

Sociological Deviance

Deviance Then and Now Tischler defines deviant way as the behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of the group in interrogative (Tischler 139). What is considered acceptable or deviant behavior perpetually changes as the clean-livings and norms of society change in accordance with the time and culture. When a certain behavior is condemned by the majority of society it can be considered deviant. However, labeling a certain behavior as deviant is difficult because non ein truthone will agree on what this behavior is. A behavior that is not accepted by one group of flock may be considered commonplace to another group of people.Something that was erstwhile rejected by society can eventually grow to be accepted by society and even considered normal all over time. This can run through certain societys adaptation to behaviors and as a various perspective is developed amongst the society or group of people in regards to those behaviors. An example of a behavior that was once considered deviant but is now acceptable or tolerant is racial relationships. interracial marri grow/relationship were once a very controversial concept, but today, interracial marriage issues have capture a thing past but and it is much more widely accepted.Interracial relationships used to be frowned upon by most societies mainly because certain societies or different races have a trite that they abide by as far as marriage, and this standard has to be met in order to conform to that cultures or time periods rules and norms. The whole idea of marriage also engages tradition in the sense that if something has historically or traditionally been done a certain way, it should always be done that way. Many people do not like the idea of change. Not until 1967 did the tyrannical Court decide that state bans on interracial marriage violated the 14th amendment.From this point on, interracial marriage was legal throughout the United States, to that extent it was still not wid ely accepted by the majority of American society. The reason that interracial marriage went against cultural norms was because of the hierarchy of races that was in place. It was understood by the culture that a white person was at the top of the hierarchy and a black person was at the bottom. For two people on reversal sides of the hierarchy to unite in such an intimate way went against all rules of culture. hoi polloi were only just getting used to the idea of having an integrated community they were not yet ready to accept the idea of integrated marriages and families. This was the era of a lot of tension between blacks and white and many whites still viewed themselves as the superior race. The people who would have viewed interracial relationships as deviant would be almost everyone in the 50s and 60s, not because they were against integration but because it went against societys norms and it was a new concept to them. all the same if it wasnt a crime, it was still a cultural taboo.People of extremist pro-segregation groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, would have thought this behavior to be more deviant than others, while people of anti-segregation groups would have thought it to be more acceptable and maybe even supported it. Time and context play an important role in whether different race relationships are accepted. After laws banning this behavior were lifted, it started to become more and more accepted. As integration increased, the idea of interracial marriage as a deviant behavior decreased. Today, although racism does exist, it is looked down upon and most people would not openly admit to organism racist.Because racism is not the cultural norm anymore, detestation of interracial marriage is not widespread. Racism is actually considered more of a deviant behavior in todays culture than interracial marriage is. Context also affects whether one would consider interracial relationships as a deviant behavior. I think that in more conservative familie s or more segregated communities interracial relationships would be considered deviant. For example, Alabama only just officially legalized interracial marriage in 2000, and many Alabama residents are still opposed to the idea of interracial marriage.In Los Angeles, or in an area with a more liberal culture, interracial marriages are not looked down upon by the majority of the population. Some of the most far-famed couples in Hollywood are interracial couples Ice T and Coco have their own television show, and Heidi Klum, a Victoria Secret model, raised a family with Seal. While interracial marriages have become little deviant over the past 50 years, marriage at a young age has become more deviant in American culture. According to the Bureau of Census, the age at first marriage has increased drastically since the 1950s, form 23 to 28 for men and 20 to 26 for women.In the past, marriage was the first step into adulthood so people tended to get married at a young age. My parents wer e married when they were both 22 years old and most of their friends married around the same age. However, the majority of my friends are 22 years old and it is a curio for someone I know to get married so young. It is not the social norm anymore. Young marriage is considered deviant because it is uncommon, but it is not in all unheard of. I think that people with a more traditional lifestyle are more likely to marry at an early age and dismiss this behavior as deviant.Also, people with lower income and education level tend to marry young. Many people are adopting more contemporary views in how they would like to live their life. More women are seeking higher education, something that used to be rare. Women are more focused on finding a cheat and supporting themselves than on finding a husband. They used to be expected to stay at home and start a family. They were not expected to be educated. Most women only attended college for the sole purpose of finding someone to marry. But today, women have different priorities than they once had.A woman does not have to be a good wife to be considered a successful person. They definition of success for women has changed over time so women can be happy as either a wife or as a hotshot women focusing on her career. People used to get married for reasons other than beloved financial security, family ties, pregnancy, religion. Today, while those conditions do exist, men and women both strive to be more independent and therefore ignore many of those conditions. Men and women want to be financially independent so they marry less and less for security.In todays culture, there is less emphasis on obeying ones parents, so people do not marry just to please their families. Also, there is an increasing amount of single mothers and it is not frowned upon like it once was, it is even applauded in many cases. Because being a single parent is more of a societal norm these days, people feel less pressured to tie the knot because o f pregnancy. Our culture has become much more accepting, with less emphasis on rules, which allows both men and women to do as they please and not feel pressured by society to jump into a marriage that they do not want.Interracial marriages can best be explained by the sociological theory of deviance called the labeling theory. Under the labeling theory, the focus shifts from the deviant individual to the social process by which a person comes to be labeled and the consequences of such labeling for the individual (Tischler 149). It is not that the interracial relationship is deviant, but that the culture around them is labeling their behavior as deviant. People in the past thought that interracial relationships were unnatural and sinful.Condemnation of interracial marriage was a strong social norm, therefore, people who violated this norm were considered deviant. However, I do not think that the labeleing theorys ideas of primary deviance and secondary deviance apply to interracial marriages. I do not think that people who engaged in interracial relationships were prone to more deviant behavior because of their relationship, but I think that this theory applies best when trying to explain interracial relationships as a behavior that was once deviant.None of the sociological theories of deviance really fit when trying to explain marriage at an early age. Rather, it is just that our values and norms change over time in society. What was once valued and considered important loses its significance from one generation to the next. In 20 years, our societal norms concerning marriage will probably have evolved even more, maybe marriage altogether will become a thing of the past. Women used to be expected to be only homemakers and mothers.Today, men and women are both equally eligible to go out and compete for the same jobs and make their own mark on society. This is not because of a specific sociological theory of deviance but because of the evolution of society. Wha t makes a type of behavior deviant depends on several factors, the predominant and most notable one being culture. But because deviant behavior is culturally relative, one could give countless examples of this behavior because it is constantly changing or being redefined by different groups of people.The moral code of a culture is the symbolic system in terms of which behavior takes on the quality of being good or bad, right or wrong (Tischler 139). To decide if a behavior is deviant, one must be familiar with the moral code of the culture. They must assess the act in regards to the cultures rules to decide if it is normal or deviant. Interracial relationships were once considered deviant but only because of the rules of that culture. Early marriage, something that people in society once highly desired, isnt a main concern anymore.

Modified Food Essay

The fact of the matter remains, there is potential for an amazing uncovering in modifying the genetic components of our foods. If such a breakthrough were to come about, it could lead to a promising future of provisions for people who may not soon receive the benefits of a direct agricultural provider. There are current efforts to achieve insect, herbicide, and disease resistant crops of which could grow faster and in less fruitful regions. In addition, these crop varieties could also pack in extra nutrients, take longer to ripen (extending their shelf life), and even contain essential vaccines for specific regions of the Earth.These predicted super-crops could potentially put a large dent in the world issues of starvation, malnutrition, and disease. Obviously the future prospects of genetically special foods are very exciting, and should keep to be explored. In my opinion, the bullion spent now researching and applying genetic theory could bring these possibilities to fruition and ultimately make a much larger impact then would allocating that money elsewhere. tout ensemble things considered, there will always be the unknown and uncertain in this case that remains the extension of genetically modified food wasting disease over time.Lab rat testing has warranted varying results of cancer and sickness on a minuscule level. Looking at this, we can surmise that the hap of repercussions stemming from a continual and consistent diet of food that has been genetically tinkered with remains small. With this in mind, I would venture to guess that if we continued with the current implementation of genetically modified food into society, as well as the continual research into their future possibilities, it will end up benefiting us far beyond the influence of these negative implications.I agree that GE foods are not a direct solution to world hunger, malnutrition, and starvation and I agree that alternative solutions should continue to be explored. Therefore, I e ntirely support the further investigation of genetically modified foods with the hope that it will not only lighten these societal burdens moreover potentially put a large dent in them. Anything will help at this point, considering how well the current system of resource distribution is working.All in all, with the prospects of what could be a fruitful future coming from genetically engineering and modifying our food, Im all for it. BMJ 1999318581-584 ( 27 February ), Clinical review, Science, medicine, and the future, Genetically modified foods, Editorial by Dixon (http//www. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/318/7183/581).Wikipedia (of course) (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food) GM Food, Controversies Surrounding the Risks and Benefits of Genetically Modified Food (http//scope. educ. washington. edu/gmfood/).

Ferdinand de Saussure Essay

Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and linguistics, except has no autonomous domain of its own. 12 The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, simply non exclusively exalted gear literature but also former(a) forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion.3 Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the event choices made by individuals and social groups in their design of lyric, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism. Other features of stylistics overwhelm the use of colloquy, including regional accents and peoples dialects, descriptive spoken communication, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular style registers, etc.In addition , stylistics is a distinctive consideration that whitethorn be used to de statusine the connections between the form and effects indoors a particular variety of language. Therefore, stylistics looks at what is going on within the language what the linguistic associations are that the style of language infracts. * Early twentieth vitamin C The analysis of literary style goes back to Classical rhetoric, but modern stylistics has its roots in Russian Formalism,4 and the related Prague School, in the early twentieth century.In 1909, Charles Ballys Traite de stylistique francaise had proposed stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complement de Saussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussures linguistics by itself couldnt fully take in the language of personal expression. 5 Ballys programme fitted well(p) with the aims of the Prague School. 6 Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School developed the concept of foregrounding, whereby poetic language sta nds issue from the background of non-literary language by means of deviation (from the norms of occasional language) or parallelism.7 According to the Prague School, the background language isnt fixed, and the relationship between poetic and everyday language is always shifting. 8 Late twentieth century Roman Jakobson had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America in the 1940s. He brought together Russian Formalism and American New Criticism in his Closing Statement at a conference on stylistics at Indiana University in 1958.9 produce as philology and Poetics in 1960, Jakobsons lecture is very practically credited with beingness the first coherent formulation of stylistics, and his argument was that the study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics. 10 The poetic function was one of six general functions of language he described in the lecture. Michael Halliday is an important figure in the phylogenesis of British stylistics. 11 His 1971 study Linguistic Function and Literary Style An Inquiry into the Language of William Goldings The Inheritors is a key essay.12 One of Hallidays contributions has been the use of the term register to explain the connections between language and its context. 13 For Halliday register is distinct from dialect. Dialect refers to the habitual language of a particular user in a precise geographical or social context. Register describes the choices made by the user,14 choices which depend on three variables field (what the participants are actually engaged in doing, for instance, discussing a specific subject or topic),15 tenor (who is taking part in the exchange) and mode (the use to which the language is being put).Fowler comments that inclinent fields produce different language, most obviously at the level of vocabulary (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist David Crystal points out that Hallidays tenor stands as a roughly equivalent term for style, which is a more specific alternative used by linguists to avoid ambiguity. (Crystal. 1985, 292) Hallidays third category, mode, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the situation. Downes recognises both distinct aspects within the category of mode and suggests that not only does it describe the relation to the medium written, spoken, and so on, but also describes the genre of the text.(Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has not simply been used before, but that predetermines the selection of textual meanings. The linguist William Downes makes the point that the principal characteristic of register, no matter how peculiar or diverse, is that it is obvious and immediately recognisable. (Downes. 1998, 309) Literary stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and valued language within literature, i. e.literary stylistics. He goes on to say that in such examination the scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more impinging features of literary language, for instance, its deviant and abnormal features, rather than the unspecificer structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels. (Crystal. 1987, 71). Poetry As well as conventional styles of language there are the unconventional the most obvious of which is poetry.In practical(a) Stylistics, HG Widdowson examines the traditional form of the epitaph, as found on headstones in a cemetery. For example His memory is dear today As in the time of day he passed away. (Ernest C. Draper Ern. Died 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments are usually not very interesting and suggests that they may even be dismissed as unprocessed communicatory c arvings and crude verbal disturbance (Widdowson, 3). Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they are a very real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and preserve affectionate recollections of a beloved friend or family member.However, what may be seen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaic wording but in where it deduce outs. The verse may be given undue reverence precisely because of the sombre situation in which it is placed. Widdowson suggests that, unlike words hardening in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textual implications. (Widdowson. 1992, 4) Two problems with a stylistic analysis of poetry are noted by PM Wetherill in Literary Text An Examination of Critical Methods.The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the significance of others that are equally important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to ignore other ways whereby meaning is produced. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) Implicature In Poetic Effects from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of implicature, as instigated in the forward work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson.Implicature may be divided into two categories strong and weak implicature, barely between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the speaker or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the hearer or asker may conclude. Pilkingtons poetic effects, as he terms the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide array of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply houseulate in by the hearer or reader.Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or readers conjecture of meaning diverge remains highly subject ive. As Pilkington says there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker certainly endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearers responsibility. (Pilkington. 1991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkingtons poetic effects in understanding a songs meaning. Stylistics is a valuable if long-winded approach to criticism, and compels attention to the meters de white tie.Two of the three simple exercises performed here show that the poem is deficient in structure, and of necessity to be radically recast. The third sheds light on its content. Introduction Stylistics applies linguistics to literature in the hope of arriving at analyses which are more broadly based, pie-eyed and objective. 1 The pioneers were the Prague and Russian schools, but their approaches have been appropriated and extended in recent years by radical theory.Stylistics can be evaluative (i. e.judge the literary worth on stylistic cr iteria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyze and describe the workings of texts which have already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Analyses can appear objective, detailed and skilful, even requiring computer assistance, but some caution is impoverishmented. Linguistics is currently a battlefield of contending theories, with no resolve in sight. many another(prenominal) critics have no formal training in linguistics, or even proper reading, and are apt to build on theories (commonly those of Saussure or Jacobson) that are inappropriate and/or no longer accepted.Some of the commonest terms, e. g. doubtful structure, foregrounding, have little or no experimental support. 2 Linguistics has rather different objectives, moreover to study languages in their entirety and generality, not their use in art forms. Stylistic excellence intelligence, originality, density and variety of verbal devices play their part in literature, but aesthetics has long recognized t hat other aspects are equally important fidelity to experience, emotional shaping, significant content.Stylistics may well be popular because it regards literature as simply part of language and therefore (neglecting the aesthetic dimension) without a privileged status, which allows the literary canon to be replaced by one more politically or sociologically acceptable. 3 why then employ stylistics at all? Because form is important in poetry, and stylistics has the largest armoury of analytical weapons. more(prenominal)over, stylistics need not be reductive and simplistic. There is no need to embrace Jacobsons theory that poetry is characterized by the sound projection of the paradigmatic axis onto the syntagmatic one.4 Nor accept Bradfords theory of a double spiral 5 literature has too richly vary a history to be fitted into such a straitjacket. Stylistics suggests why certain devices are effective, but does not offer recipes, any more than theories of musical accord explains aw ay the gifts of individual composers. Some stylistic analysis is to be found in most types of literary criticism, and differences between the traditional, New Criticism and Stylistics approaches are often matters of emphasis.Style is a term of approbation in everyday use (that woman has style, etc.), and may be so for traditional and New Criticism. nevertheless where the first would judge a poem by reference to typical work of the period (Jacobean, Romantic, Modernist, etc. ), or according to genre, the New Criticism would probably simply note the conventions, explain what was unclear to a modern audience, and then pass on to a detailed analysis in terms of verbal density, complexity, ambiguity, etc. To the Stylistic critic, however, style means simply how something is expressed, which can be studied in all language, aesthetic and non-aesthetic. 6Stylistics is avery technical subject, which hardly makes for engrossing, or indeed uncontentious, 7 reading. The treatment here is very simple just the bare bones, with some references cited. Under mixed categories the poem is analyze in a dry manner, the more salient indications noted, and some recommendations made in Conclusions. Published Examples of Stylistic Literary Criticism G. N. Leechs A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (1969) Laura Browns Alexander Pope (1985) Roy Lewiss On Reading French Verse A larn in Poetic Form (1982) George Wrights Shakespeares Metrical Art. (1988)Richard Bradfords A Linguistic History of English Poetry (1993) Poem The Architects further, as youd expect, they are very Impatient, the buildings, having much in them Of the heavy browse of the North Sea, flurrying The grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging them With a hoarse roar against the aggregate They are composed of the cliffs higher of course, More burdensome, underwritten as It were with past old age cloudiness And glinting, obdurate, part of the Silicate of tough lives, nonadjacent and intricate As the whirring bureaucrats let in And settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, Awaiting the post and the division meeting Except that these do not feel it, at least do not Seem to, being busy, generally.So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost Vacuumed afternoons with course upon tier Of concrete like rib-bones packed above them, And they light-headed with the blue nervous straininess Spinning around, and muzzy, a neuralgy Calling at random like frail relations, a phone Ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, That they get going attentive, or we do these Divisions persisting, indeed what we talk to the highest degree, We, constructing these webs of buildings which, Caulked like great whales about us, are always.Aware that some trick of the light or bear Will neaten them as friends, pleading and flailing And fill with placid but unbearable melodies Us in deep hinterlands of in sheer glass. C. John Holcombe 1997 Metre though apparently iambic, with five stresses to the line, the metre shows many reversals and substitutions. Put at its simplest, with / representing a strong stress representing a weak stress x representing no stress, and nerve-racking to fit lines into a pentameters, we have - / x x x / - x / x But as youd ex pect they are ve ry x / x x / x / x x x.Im pat ient the build ings, hav ing much in them x x x / x x / / x x Of the heav y surf of the North Sea, flurr ying x / - / x x / x / x The grit, lift ing the pebbl es, fling ing them x / - / x x / x With a hoarse roar a gainst the agg re gate x x / x / / x x / They are com posed of, the cliffs high er of course / x - / x / x More burd en some, un der writ ten as x / x / - / - / x / It were with past days o ver cast x / x. / x - / x x And glit ter ing, ob du rate, part of the - / x x x / - / - / x x / x x Sil icate of tough lives dist ant and in tricate - x / x / x - / x As the whir ring bu reau crats let in x / x x / x x / x / x And set tled with cof fee in the con crete pal lets x / x x / x x / x / x A wait ing the post and the de part ment meet ing x x / x / x x / x Ex cept that these do not know it, at least do not - / x / x / x / x x. Seem to be ing bus y gen ER all y x / x x / x x / x / x So per haps it is on ly on those cloud less al most - / x / x x / x x / x Vac uumed af ter noons with ti ER u pon ti ER x / x / / - / x / x Of con Crete like rib bones packed a bove them x / / x x / / x And they light head ed, with the blue air i ness - / x x / x / x x / x x Spin ning a round and muz zy, a neu ral gia - / x x / x x / x / x x / . Cal ling at ran dom like frail re lat ions a phone - / x x x / x / x x / x / x Ring ing in a dist ant of fice they can not get to x / x / x / x x / /- That they be come at ten tive, or we do these x / x x / x x / x / x / Di vis ions per sist ing, in deed what we talk a bout - / x / x x / x / x We, con struct ing these webs of build ings which - / x / / x / x x / x Cau lk Ed like great whales a bout us are al ways x / x x / x x / x / x .A ware that some trick of the light or weath ER / x x / - / x x / x Will dress them as friends plead ing and flail ing x / x / x x / x x / x x And fill with plac id but UN bear able mel odies - / x - / x x x / / Us in deep hint erlands of in curved glass Poets learn to trust their senses, but even to the experienced writer these (tedious) exercises can pinpoint what the ear suspects is faulty, suggest where improvements lie, and show how the metre is making for variety, broad consistency, shaping of the argument and emotive appeal.Though other scansions are certainly possible in the lines above, the most striking feature will remain their irregularity. Many lines can only roughly be called pentameters Lines 16 and 17 are strictly hexameters and lines 27 and 28 are tetrameters. In item, the lines do not read like blank verse. The rhythm is not iambic in many areas, but trochaic, and indeed insis tently dactylic in lines 9 and 10, 21 and 22 and 28. Line 27 is predominantly anapaestic, and line 3 could (just) be scanned x x / x / x x / / x x Of the heavy surf of the North Sea flurr ying.Reflective or meditative verse is generally written in the iambic pentameter, and for good reason the benefit of past examples, readers expectations, and because the iambic is the closest to everyday speech flexible, unemphatic, expressing a wide range of social registers. Blank verse for the stage may be very irregular but this, predominantly, is a quiet poem, with the falling rhythms inducing a mood of reflection if not melancholy. What is being attempted? Suppose we set out the argument (refer to rhetorical and other analyses), tabbing and reverse tabbing as the reflections as they seem more or less private 8 1.But, as youd expect, 2. they are very fervent, the buildings, 3. having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea, 4. flurrying the grit, 5. lifting the pebbles, 6. fling ing them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed of the 7. cliffs higher of course, more 8. burdensome, 9. underwritten as it were with past days 10. overcast and glinting, 11. obdurate, 12. part of the silicate of tough lives, 13. distant and intricate as 14. the whirring bureaucrats 15.Let in and settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, awaiting the post and the department meeting 16. except that these do not know it,17. at least do not seem to, being busy, 18. generally. 19. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost vacuumed afternoons with tier upon tier of concrete like rib bones packed above them, and 20. they light-headed 21. with the blue discreetness spinning around, and 22. muzzy, a 23. neuralgia calling at random like 24. frail relations, a 25. phone ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, that 26. They become attentive, 27. or we do 28. these divisions persisting, 29. indeed what we talk about, 30. we, constructing these webs of buildings which 31.Caulked like great whales about us, are 32.always aware that some trick of the light or endure will dress them as friends, 33. pleading and flailing and 34. fill with placid but unbearable melodies 35. us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass. The structure should now be clear. Where Eliot created new forms by stringing together unremarkable pentameters, 8 this poem attempts the reverse to recast an irregular ode-like structure as pentameters. And not over-successfully many of the rhythms seemed unduly confined. But once returned to the form of an eighteenth century Pindaric ode, however unfashionable today, the lines regain a structure and integrity.Each starts with a marked stress and then tails away, a feature emphasized by the sound patterns. 9 Sound Patterning To these sound patterns we now turn, adapting the International Phonetic Alphabet to HTML restrictions 1. But as youd expect u a U e e b t z y d ksp kt 2. They are very impatient the buildings A a(r) e E i A e e i i th v r mp sh nt th b ld ngz 3. Having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea a i u i e o e e e(r) o e aw E h v ng m ch n th m v th h v s f v th n th s .4. flurrying the grit u E i e i fl r ng th gr t 5. lifting the pebbles i i e e l ft ng th p b lz 6. flinging them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed of i i e i e aw aw e A e a E A A a(r) o O o fl ng ng th m w th h s r g nst th gr g t th k MP zd v 7. the cliffs higher of course more e i I e o aw aw th kl fs h v s m 8. burdensome u(r) e e b d ns m 9.underwritten as it were with past days u e i e a i (e)r i a(r) A nd r t n z t w w p st d z 10. overcast and glinting O e(r) a(r) a i i v k St nd gl NT ng 11. obdurate o U A bd r t 12. part of the silicate of tough lives (a)r o e i i A o u I p t f th s l k t v t f l vz 13. distant and intricate i a a i i e d St NT nd NT r k t 14. as the whirring bureaucrats a e e(r) i U O a z th w r ng b r kr ts 15.let in and settled with coffee in the concrete pallets e i a e ie i o E i e o E a e l t n nd s tl d w th k f n th k Kr t p l Ts awaiting the post and the department meeting e A i e O a e E e E i w t ng th p St nd th d p tm NT m t ng 16. except that these do not know it e e a E U o O i ks pt th th z d n t n t 17. at least do not seem to being busy a E U o E U E i i E t l St d n t s m t b ng b z /td 18.generally e e a E j nr l 19. so perhaps it is only on those cloudless almost vacuumed afternoons O e(r) a i i O o O ou e aw O a U a(r) e oo s p h ps t z nl n th z kl dl s lm St v k md ft n nz with tier upon tier of concrete like rib bones packed above them and i E e(r) e o E e(r) o o E I i O a e u e a w th t p n t v k nkr t l k r b b nz p Kt b v th m nd 20. they light headed A I e e th l t h d d 21.with the blue airiness spinning around and i e U (A)r i e i i e ou a w th th bl r n s sp n ng r nd nd 22. muzzy a u E e m z 23. neuralgia calling at random like U a E a aw i a a o I n r lj k l ng t r nd m l k 24. frail relations a A e A e e fr l r l zh nz 25. phone ringing in a distant office they cannot get to that O i i i e i a o i A a o e oo a f n r ng ng n d St NT f s th k n t g t t th 26.they become attentive A E u a e i th b k m t NT v 27. or we do aw E oo w d 28. these divisions persisting E i i e e(r) i i th z d v zh nz p s St ng 29. indeed what we talk about i E o E aw e ou in d wh t w t k b t 30. we constructing these webs of buildings which E o u i E e o i i i w k nz str Kt ng th z w bs v b ld ngz wh Ch 31. caulked like great whales about us are aw I A A e ou u a(r) k kd l k gr t w lz b t s 32. always aware that some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends aw A e (A)r a u i o e I aw e e(r) i e e a e lw z w th t s m tr k v th l t w th w l dr s th m z Fr ndz 33. pleading and flailing E i a A i pl d ng nd fl l ng 34. will fill with placid but unbearable melodies i i i a i u u A(r) a e e O E f l w th PL s d b t n b r b l m l d z 35.us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass u i E i e a o i e(r) a(r) s n d p h NT l ndz v nk v d GL s Sound in poetry is an immensely complicated and contentious subject. Of the seventeen different employments listed by Masson 10 we consider seven 1. Structural emphasis All divisions are structurally emphasized to some extent, but note the use (in decreasing hardness) of * plosive con sonants in sections 1, 5, 6, 7, 10-13, 19, 28-50 31 and 35. * fricative and aspirate consonants in sections 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 19, 25, 28, 32, 35.* liquid and nasal consonants in sections 3, 4, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 31-35. Also * predominance of front vowels in all sections but 6, 7, 11, 16, 17, 19 and 31. * predominance of vowels in intermediate positions only sections 16 and 17 having several high vowels and section 3 low vowels. 2. Tagging of sections Note sections 1, 7, 13 and 15. 3. Indirect support of argument by related echoes * Widely used, most obviously in sections 3-7, 12-13, and 15. 4. demonstrative mime mouth movements apes expression * Sections 2, 6, 11-13, 19, 31 and 35. 5. Illustrative painting * Sections 3-6, 10-13, 15, 19 and 33.Most sections are closely patterned in consonants. Those which arent (and therefore need attention if consistency is to be maintained) are perhaps 8, 9, 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 27. Originally the poem was cast in the form of irregu lar pentameters. But if this is set out in favour of the 35 sections listed above, how are these sections to be linked in a self-evident and pleasing form? A little is accomplished by alliteration * f in sections 3 to 7. * s and t in sections 12 to 15 * w in sections 29 to 32 And also by the predominance of front and intermediate level vowels, but these do not amount to much.Certainly we do not find that the overall shaping of the poem emphasizes the argument or content. Sociolinguistics Language is not a neutral medium but comes with the contexts, ideologies and social intentions of its speakers written in. Words are living entities, things which are unceasingly being employed and only half taken over carrying opinions, assertions, beliefs, information, emotions and intentions of others, which we partially accept and modify. In this sense speech is dialogic, has an internal polemic, and Bakhtins insights into the multi-layered nature of language (heteroglossia) can be extended to poetry.11 Much of Postmodernist writing tries to be very unliterary, incorporating the raw material of everyday speech and writing into its creations. This poem seems rather different, a somewhat remote tone and elevated diction applying throughout. Let us see whats achieved by grouping under the various inflections of the speaking voice. * urgently confidential But, as youd expect, cliffs higher, of course, that they become attentive or we do * obsessively repetitious flurrying the grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging themBurdensome, underwritten overcast and glinting, obdurate * over-clever silicate of tough livesdistant and intricate constructing these webs of buildings distracted and/or light-headed except that these do not know it at least do not seem to with the blue airiness spinning around calling at random like frail relations * melancholic and/or reflective some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends pleading and flailing and fill with placid but unbearab le melodies.The exercise hardly provides revelation. Heteroglossia is an interweaving of voices, moreover, not shifts of tone or reference. And yet there is something very odd about the opening line. Why should we expect the buildings to be very impatient?This is more than the orators trick of attracting attention, since the laud nature of buildings and their constituents is referred to throughout the poem. To be more exact, the attitude of the inhabitants observers, bureaucrats, architects to the buildings is developed by the poem, and is paralleled by the tone. But why the confidential and repetitious attitude at the beginning.Why should we be buttonholed in this manner? Why the But, which seems to point to an earlier conversation, and the urgency with which that earlier conversation is being refuted or covered up? Because the blame for something is being shifted to the buildings.What error has been committed we do not know, but in mitigation we are shown the effect of the buil dings on other inhabitants. Or perhaps we are. In fact the whirring bureaucrats seem to grow out of the fabric of buildings, and we do not really know if the we, constructing these webs of buildings is meant literally or metaphorically. The poems title suggests literally, but perhaps these constructions are only of the mind sections 17, 20-29, 32 and 34 refer to attitudes rather than actions, and there is an ethereal or otherworldly atmosphere to the later section of the poem.So we return to heteroglossia, which is not simply borrowed voices, but involves an internal polemic, 12 that private dialogue we conduct between our private thoughts and their acceptable public expression. The dialogue is surely here between the brute physicality of a nature made overpoweringly real and the fail brevity of human lives. That physicality is ponderous and unnerving. If the we of the later section of the poem is indeed architects then that physicality is harnessed to practical ends. If the constr ucting is purely mental then the treatment is through attitudes, mindsets, philosophies.But in neither case does it emasculate the energy of the physical world. Architects may leave monuments behind them, but they are also imprisoned in those monuments (us in deep hinterlands) and hearing all the time the homesick voice of their constituents. Conclusions Suggested Improvements The greatest difficulty lies in the poems structure. An pentameter form has been used to give a dilettanteish unity, but this wrenches the rhythm, obscures the sound patterns and does nothing for the argument. If recast in sections defined by rhythm and sound pattern the form is too irregular to have delicate autonomy.A return could be made to the eighteenth century Pindaric ode in strict metre and rhyme, but would require extensive and skilful rewriting, and probably appear artificial. A prose poem might be the practice, but the rhythms would need to be more fluid and subtly syncopated. Otherwise, blank ve rse should be attempted, and the metre correct accordingly. The internal polemic is a valuable dimension of the poem, but more could be done to make the voices distinct. http//www. textetc. com/criticism/stylistics. html1. On StylisticsIs cognitive stylistics the future of stylistics?To answer this question in the essay that follows, I will briefly discuss Elena Semino and Jonathan Culpepers Cognitive Stylistics (2003), Paul Simpsons Stylistics (2004), and a recent essay by Michael Burke (2005). However, because questions are like trains one may hide another any discussion of the future of stylistics raises intractable questions about stylistics itself. French students of stylistics, for example, will come across definitions of the discipline like the following. According to Brigitte Buffard-Moret, si les definitions de la stylistique que certains refusent de considerer comme une scien

Financial Analysis of Hershey and Tootsie Roll Essay

IntroductionTootsie bustle and Hershey are two comparable companies with a similar product offering, but they operate on entirely different scales. In an effort to determine the best(p) investment of the two companies we will utilize five-fold financial analysis ratios to gauge the health of the respective companies in terms of liquidity (the ability to pay short-term liabilities and answer to opportunities), solvency (the long-term viability of the follow) and clamsability (the susceptibility at which the can turn its resources into profits). However, the snapshot picture of health that a single yrs worth of financial statements provide is not enough. to a lower place we have offered a horizontal analysis of the respective companies to show the change in their health from 2012 to 2013 and analyzed the two companies against separately other to show why we recommend Hershey as the give way investment.Liquidity and SolvencyCurrent RatioThe current ratio is defined as the cu rrent assets divided by the current liabilities for a given period. This ratio is consequential because it helps taproom a companys ability to pay their current liabilities with their current assets. This shows helps determine the liquidity of the companies and their ability to respond to market opportunities. Tootsie Roll has a current ratio of 3.25 in 2012 and 3.99 in 2013(an 18.5 portion increase). Hershey, on the other hand, has a current ratio of 1.44 and 1.77 (also an 18.5 percent increase) respectively. twain companies have increased year all over year. As the current ratio shows, the Tootsie maintains a healthier ratio, but twain have alter at the alike rate.Debt to Asset RatioThis is a comparison of the debt-to- integral asset ratio also known as the leverage ratio, of both companies. This ratio is a good measure of solvency as it shows the percentage of assets that are financed with debt. Tootsie Roll has a ratio of 23 percent for both years while Hershey has a rat io of 78 percent and 70 percent respective to 2012 and 2013. Generally, this number should not be too high. While Hersheys poesy are higher than Tootsie Rolls, Hersheys numbers have improved over the year. Furthermore, we believe Tootsie Roll may actually be under-leveraged since, Having a healthy amount of debt can actually enhance a companys profitability, in terms of the shareholders investment (Harrison, Horngren, Thomas, 2013). As will be seen from the following ratios on profitability, Hershey is more efficiently turning their assets into profits, suggesting a better use of the healthy leverage shown in the debt to asset ratio.ProfitabilityGross Profit RateA major factor for investors will always be the profitability of a company. One of the fundamental ratios to utilize when measuring the ability of a company to create a profit is the gross profit ratio, which is weighty for internal use as well as external use. For example Gross profit percentage is markup stated as a perc entage of gross sales. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) This ratio will identify how much gross profit is being generated by every dollar the company generates though sales. Investors will always want to carefully keep track of the gross profit ratio in order to identify a downturn or an upturn in profits. Furthermore, The Hershey Company had a higher increase in gross profit ratio than Tootsie Roll Industries. The Hershey Company managed to increase the profit ratio from 43 percent in the year 2012 to 48 percent in the year 2013.This shows that The Hershey Company managed to increase their profit ratio by 11.5 percent from previous year. Tootsie Roll, on the other hand, also improved year over year, but only by 5.5 percent to reach a gross profit rate of 35 percent in 2013. It is important to note that the minimum increase in gross profit for every dollar of sales can make a huge difference in profits. For example an upturn by a small percentage can mean millions of dollars i n additional profits. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) Even though the cost of goods sold consumes $0.52 of each sale, The Hershey Company managed to generate aprofit of $0.48 for each dollar of sales.Profit Margin RatioThe profit margin ratio demonstrates the ability of a company to increase the percentage of elucidate income earned for every dollar of sales. For example this ratio shows the percentage of each sales dollar earned as net income. (Harrison Jr., Horngen, Tomas, 2013) The Hershey Company was able to increase the profit margin ratio from 10 percent in 2012 to 11 percent in 2013. The increase in profit margin from the previous year 2012 shows that the performance of the company is increasing which means that revenue is increasing or expenses are decreasing. Furthermore, The Hershey Company is managing their performance efficiently and this is at a time reflected in profit margin ratio.Return on AssetsThe return on assets (ROA) ratio helps measure how profitable a c ompany is in relation to its total assets. In the case of Tootsie Roll, the company had an ROA of .06 in 2012 and an ROA of .07 in 2013. This is an increase of close to 16.7 percent year over year. Hershey, on the other hand had an ROA of .14 in 2012 and .16 in 2013. Hersheys rising ROA is comparable at 14.3 percent. With change 16.7 percent and 14.3 percent being so similar, we favor Hersheys ROA at the higher rate of .16 in 2013 as opposed to Tootsie Rolls relatively meager .07 ROA.Payout RatioThe payout ratio will help make the final case of Hershey as the better investment of the comparable companies. The payout ratio measures the proportion of earnings that are paid to investors and shareholders. Because dividends are so important to the investment opportunity, this is an important ratio when looking at a company for investment income. In 2012 Tootsie Roll had a high payout ratio of 1.01 percent where Hersheys was 52 percent in comparison. However, in 2013 Tootsie Rolls payout ratio dropped a huge, 77 percent to 23 a percent ratio. Hersheys payout ratio also dropped, but only 7.6 percent to 48 a percent ratio. Not only is 48 percent a better current number than Tootsie Rolls .23, but as a long-term investment Hershey shows much more stability. Therefore Hershey continues to stand out as the stronger investment opportunity.ConclusionDetermining the better of two companies to invest in is risky business and involves many factors outside of the numbers provided on financial statements. However, we have seen that by looking at the liquidity, solvency and profitability of the companies against each other an over time, we can gain valuable insights as to how well the respective companies are performing in the current environment and how well they are positioned to take wages of rising opportunities and threats. Our analysis of Tootsie Roll and Hershey show that while Tootsie Roll has safer numbers in respect to liquidity and solvency, Hershey is clearly more e fficiently using both its assets and liabilities to turn higher profits and pass that money on to its investors. Therefore, The Hershey Company is the clear choice to invest with.BibliographyHarrison, W. T. (2013). Financial Accounting, VitalSource for DeVry University, (9th ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions. Hershey. (2013). second gear Annual Report. SEC. Hershey The Hershey Company. Tootsie Roll Industries. (2013). SEC Filing 10-K 2013. Chicago Tootsie Roll.

The Etruscans – Ancient History

The Etruscans The Etruscan civilisation is lordly by its unique language and its beautiful art. The Etruscan economy was based on agriculture, trade and mineral resources. We equalwise know the greeks traded with the Etruscans because the Etruscan alphabet is similar to the greek one. The Etruscans are thought to have either been native to Italy or to have migrated from Lydia Lydia ina round 800bc beause of famine. Etruscan cities were very powerful and were though to have been ruled by The Etruscan League which was (according to roman legend) founded by two Lydian noblemen Tarchun and his brother Tyrrhenus.The league was made up of 12 cities but which twelve just is unsure. Each city state met once a year where a leader was chosen to symbolise the league. The league was both religious and political. Etruscan homes were mud-brick, with timber on stone foundations, some with upper stories. Some etruscns nonetheless had underground drains leading to main sewage drains located und er the streets Etruscans did a lot of farming, they grew barley, millet, wheat, grapes and other fruits and they elevated pigs, goats, sheep, ducks, chickens and cattle. Cattle was used for food and to pull plows and wagons.Etruscan miners dug copper, lead, iron and tin. Metal workers and sculptors turned metals into weapons, utensils, jewellery and sculpture. Etruscans were storied for their art, especially in bronze and clay. Etruscans to a fault enjoyed many forms of entertainment including gambling with ivory dice, music and bound (for religious reasons and pleasure), playing board games similar to chess and backgammon and watching ant taking part in sports. Etruscans traded goods and metals with the Greeks, Carthage, Syria and many other Mediterranean countries. Merchants traded for luxury items like gold, silver and ivory.Etruscans were also very religious, much like many other tribes of the ancient world. Their religion was deeply influenced by eastern greeks, as was etrus can art. Etruscans had special homework institutes to t from each one their religion and their complex curricula included not only religious laws and theology but also the encyclopaedic knowledge required by the presets, which ranged from astrology to zoology and geology. Etruscans had many gods, whom they worshipped on outdoorsy platforms made of dirt or stone. Later, they built temples of wood, mud-brick, and clay on stone foundations, which were usually elaborately sour and adorned.Soothsayers predicted events and the Etruscans believed in omens which were signs of what was to come. They believed that the destiny of man was completely determined by the many gods and deities which etruscans worshipped. They followed complex rituals involving dancing and singing. A lot of etruscan literature comes from burial remains and tombs. The dead were cremated or buried in cemeteries outside each city. Those that were buried were put into individual tombs(if you were rich) called catacombs and often tombs were filled with works of art and treasures of gold, silver, bronze and ivory.

Interpreter of Maladies Essay

Poor communication and hard feelings cause distress for characters in the stories. Discus In Jhumpa Lahiris collection of short stories transcriber of Maladies, shortsighted communication and suppressed feelings result in distress for characters. Many protagonists in these stories have all been by dint of some sort of anxiety due to impaired communication with those around them. Mrs Das in Interpreter of Maladies expectks consolation for her guilt from Mr Kapasi, whom was having difficulty himself communicating with his wife. In Sexy, Miranda mis symbolizes Davs meaning of sexy and In A Temporary Matter, Shoba and Shukumar hardly interacted with individually other anymore after their baby died. Mrs In This Blessed House, newly wed Twinkle and Sanjeev had numerous fights over Christian artefacts found throughout the house.Through these stories, Lahiri is trying to convey that healthy communication is essential to maintain connections with people so that we bequeath not fail in many ways such as failure in romance. ordinarily in a tragedy, husbands and wives would comfort and assuage one another, try putting the past behind and give notice forward together. Following the stillbirth, both Shoba and Shukumar grieved separately and ever since then their relationship went downhill. However in A Temporary Matter this was not the case for Shoba and Shukumar. Instead he thought of how she and Shukumar had become experts at avoiding each other in their three-bedroom house, spending as a great deal time on separate floors as possible. Lahiri chooses to spell from Shukumars point of view so that readers would not be expecting Shobas ulterior motive for introducing the game, which was in order to gently reveal she was moving out by herself.Furthermore, through Shukumar, we can understand what frame of a person Shoba initially was, She wasnt this way before. prior to the incident and also see how much she has changed. In the beginning he had believed that it would pass, that he and Shoba would get through it all somehow. Here we can see that Shukumar had hopes that he and Shoba could live normally again, but merely hoping did not solve anything as he distinctly did not put effort into making that happen. Instead, the two of them just waited for one another to make a move. Consequently, the stalemate and lack of communication between the two had caused the married couple to be awkward and ill-fitting being around each other, and thus the main cause for the downfall of their marriage.Mr Kapasi and Mrs Das struggle to interpret each others maladies.